scholarly journals Legal Analysis of Government Policy on Large Scale Social Restrictions in Handling Covid-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-200
Author(s):  
Ratna Desinta Mega Kumala
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Risk Factors ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Corona Virus

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a pandemic so prevention efforts need to be made to avoid an increase in cases. In the context of prevention efforts carried out the implementation of health quarantine as regulated in Act Number 6 of 2018 concerning Health Quarantine. The implementation of health quarantine is a joint responsibility of the Central Government and Regional Governments as a form of protection of public health from diseases and / or public health risk factors that have the potential to cause public health emergencies. Health quarantine is carried out through disease observation activities and public health risk factors for transportation, people, goods, and  or the environment, as well as responses to public health emergencies in the form of Health quarantine measures. One of the acts of health quarantine is in the form of large-scale social restrictions. The spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Indonesia is now increasing and expanding across regions and across countries accompanied by the number of cases and / or the number of deaths. The increase has an impact on political, economic, social, cultural, defense and security aspects, as well as the welfare of the people in Indonesia, so it is necessary to accelerate the handling of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the form of large-scale social restrictions in order to reduce the spread of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is expanding. 

Assessing public health risk factors for internally displaced households in North Darfur, Sudan

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfadil Mohammed Mahmoud ◽  
Indraijt Pal ◽  
Mokbul Morshed Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Health Risk Factors ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Internally Displaced ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Public

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess the public health risk factors of internally displaced households and suggest appropriate measures and strategies for health risk reduction in the context of IDPs.Design/methodology/approachThe composite Index (CI) method was used to compare the public health risk factors at the household level in three IDP camps. A set of 22 indicators were studied in 326 households. Households were selected by using a two-stage cluster sampling technique.FindingsThe findings indicate that the Shangil Tobaya camp is at the highest risk for communicable diseases (63.6%) followed by Zamzam (52.4%) and Abu Shouk (42.7%) at the household level. Eight indicators appeared to have made differential impacts between Abu Shouk and Shangil Tobaya, these include: level of education, walking time to health facilities, water source, latrines type, safe disposal of child feces, frequency of visit by pregnant women to antenatal care services, place of delivery and women delivering their children with the help of skilled birth attendants.Research limitations/implicationsSince the selection criteria of the camps were predefined; there are variations in the number of samples between the camps. Therefore, the generalizability may be compromised.Social implicationsIncreased access to healthcare services particularly reproductive health services to the most vulnerable groups (women). Community involvement in services management to promote ownership.Originality/valueThe methods used in this study is original and flexible and can be replicated for other emergency areas and risks.

Prevalence of bovine and avian tuberculosis in camel herds and associated public health risk factors in Isiolo County, Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 937-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter O. Lamuka ◽  
Francis M. Njeruh ◽  
George C. Gitao ◽  
Joseph Matofari ◽  
Richard Bowen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Factors ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Isiolo County

scholarly journals Short communication: strengthening risk communication and community engagement for the containment of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 outbreak

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1164-1165
Author(s):  
Saurabh RamBihariLal Shrivastava ◽  
Prateek Saurabh Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Community Engagement ◽  
Risk Communication ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
National Policy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Health Organization

Objectives: The objective of the article is to understand the need and importance of risk communication and community engagement in containing the COVID-19 outbreak. Introduction: The Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, which has been designated as a public health emer- gency of international concern has created a sense of fear and apprehension among the community across the world. Methods: Acknowledging all these alarming facts, we cannot deny that we have to intensify our efforts and all the national policy makers should recognize the infection as of utmost public health priority and be prepared to respond to the potential outbreak within their own boundaries. Results: Based on the earlier outbreaks of the infectious diseases in the current decades, risk communication and communi- ty engagement have been identified as one of the crucial and integral elements of a successful response to the public health emergencies. Conclusion: In conclusion, risk communication and community engagement are an essential and challenging aspects of the containment of the COVID-19 outbreak and thus we have to try our best to establish a better system to ensure that risk communication is well in place and utilized effectively to engage the community. Keywords: COVID-19 outbreak; public health emergency of international concern; risk communication; community engagement; World Health Organization.

scholarly journals Developing a Public Health Risk Assessment Toolkit for Mass Gatherings and Trialling for an International Multi-Sport Mass Gathering Event

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (s1) ◽  
pp. s116-s116
Author(s):  
Ellen Bloomer ◽  
Tina Endericks
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
World Health ◽  
Public Health Risk ◽  
Mass Gatherings

Introduction:Risk assessment for mass gatherings (MGs) is undertaken to enable public health authorities to systematically identify and assess the generic characteristics of an MG, which introduce or enhance particular threats and develop measures to reduce or mitigate these threats. The World Health Organization Collaborating Centres on Mass Gatherings and Global Health Security (WHO CCs) produced a comprehensive guide to MGs called “Public Health for Mass Gatherings: Key Considerations” (KC2). This is being converted into an eLearning resource. A public health risk assessment toolkit is being developed by the WHO CCs to complement and guide organizers in their planning process for the health risks associated with an MG event. Preparations for the Birmingham 2022 Commonwealth Games (BCG) are underway and it is important to involve a public health element in the planning for the BCG.Aim:To develop a public health risk assessment toolkit for MGs and pilot it as part of the planning process for the BCG.Methods:Based on KC2 principles, methods included developing and finalizing a public health risk assessment toolkit for MGs. This study also piloted the toolkit for the BCG.Results:A toolkit will be developed. Key learning will be documented on how the toolkit can be improved. The pilot will identify the key public health risks for the BCG, and assess how to mitigate them.Discussion:The development of this toolkit will be an innovative contribution to the resources available for those organizing MGs. It will support organizers to conduct risk assessments and thus maximize the potential for health from the event. Piloting the toolkit for the BCG is an opportunity for validating it, and provides valuable learning for its use in future events. It will support the risk assessment process for the BCG and share learning regarding the key risks for this event.

scholarly journals Communicating Risk for a Climate-Sensitive Disease: A Case Study of Valley Fever in Central California

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Matlock ◽  
Suellen Hopfer ◽  
Oladele A. Ogunseitan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Communication ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Health Risk Factors ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Health Agencies

Valley Fever, or Coccidioidomycosis, a fungal respiratory disease, is prevalent with increasing incidence in the Southwestern United States, especially in the central region of California. Public health agencies in the region do not have a consistent strategy for communication and health promotion targeting vulnerable communities about this climate-sensitive disease. We used the behavior adaptation communication model to design and conduct semi-structured interviews with representatives of public health agencies in five California counties: Fresno, Kern, Kings, San Luis Obispo, and Tulare County. While none of the agencies currently include climate change information into their Valley Fever risk messaging, the agencies discuss future communication methods similar to other health risk factors such as poor air quality days and influenza virus season. For political reasons, some public health agencies deliberately avoided the use of climate change language in communicating health risk factors to farmers who are particularly vulnerable to soil and dust-borne fungal spores. The effectiveness of health communication activities of the public health agencies has not been measured in reducing the prevalence of Valley Fever in impacted communities. Given the transboundary nature of climate influence on Valley Fever risk, a concerted and consistent health communication strategy is expected to be more effective than current practices.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Diabetes and Associated Health Risk Factors among Adults in Dubai, United Arab Emirates: Results from Dubai Household Survey 2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Fatheya Al Awadi ◽  
Mohamed Hassanein ◽  
Hamid Y. Hussain ◽  
Heba Mohammed ◽  
Gamal Ibrahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Risk Factors ◽  
The Impact

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The health and social burdens of diabetes mellitus (DM) are steadily increasing worldwide, reflecting the impact of urbanization, industrial transitions, and shifting to nonhealthy, sedentary life patterns’, as well as the high sugar, low-fiber food consumptions. All these factors have contributed to the global increase in the prevalence of DM and metabolic disorders. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The objective is to study the prevalence of DM among adult cohorts in Dubai and the extent of behavioral health risk factors associations. <b><i>Methodology:</i></b> A cross-sectional household health survey with multistage, stratified cluster random sample of 9,630 participants including 2,496 households was carried out in Dubai 2019. About 5,371 non-United Arab Emirates (UAE) national, 2,245 UAE-nationals, of different age-groups, gender, education, nationality, smoking, and marital status were included in the survey. The survey questionnaire was adapted from the one used in the World Bank’s Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMSs) and the WHO’s World Health Surveys (WHSs). Self-reported diabetes was considered as well as newly diagnosed diabetes based on HbA1C results. About 75 well-trained surveyors, 25 well-trained nurses, and other laboratory technicians conducted the survey. SPSS 21 and Stata 12 software was used for data management. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The data indicate that the prevalence of diabetes among Dubai Emiratis is much higher than Dubai expats (19.3 vs. 12.4% <i>p</i> = 0.000). The association between diabetes and age was evident regardless of nationality. Rates of diabetes were higher in males (15.4%) compared to females (11.8%) (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). About 11.2% of those considered overweight have DM, while the prevalence is 21.5% in obese people (<i>p</i> = 0.000). Physical inactivity, smoking, and hypertension (HTN) were strongly associated with higher rates of DM. Regardless of nationality, lower levels of education were statistically significantly associated with the prevalence of DM (<i>p</i> = 0.000), while single marital status was associated with the lowest rate of DM. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Dubai household health survey 2019 indicated that the prevalence of DM among Dubai adults was still high as an overall estimation. Higher rates of diabetes were significantly associated with Emirati nationality, older age-groups, male gender, physical inactivity, high BMI, HTN, smoking<b>,</b> marital status of divorced, separated or divorced as well as low educational level groups.

scholarly journals Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Genetic Characterization of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Escherichia coli Isolated From Healthy Pregnant Women in Madagascar

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milen Milenkov ◽  
Saida Rasoanandrasana ◽  
Lalaina Vonintsoa Rahajamanana ◽  
Rivo Solo Rakotomalala ◽  
Catherine Ainamalala Razafindrakoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
E Coli

Antimicrobial resistance is a major public health concern worldwide affecting humans, animals and the environment. However, data is lacking especially in developing countries. Thus, the World Health Organization developed a One-Health surveillance project called Tricycle focusing on the prevalence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in humans, animals, and the environment. Here we present the first results of the human community component of Tricycle in Madagascar. From July 2018 to April 2019, rectal swabs from 492 pregnant women from Antananarivo, Mahajanga, Ambatondrazaka, and Toamasina were tested for ESBL-E. coli carriage. Demographic, sociological and environmental risk factors were investigated, and E. coli isolates were characterized (antibiotic susceptibility, resistance and virulence genes, plasmids, and genomic diversity). ESBL-E. coli prevalence carriage in pregnant women was 34% varying from 12% (Toamasina) to 65% (Ambatondrazaka). The main risk factor associated with ESBL-E. coli carriage was the rainy season (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–5.6, p = 0.009). Whole genome sequencing was performed on 168 isolates from 144 participants. blaCTX–M–15 was the most frequent ESBL gene (86%). One isolate was resistant to carbapenems and carried the blaNDM–5 gene. Most isolates belonged to commensalism associated phylogenetic groups A, B1, and C (90%) and marginally to extra-intestinal virulence associated phylogenetic groups B2, D and F (10%). Multi locus sequence typing showed 67 different sequence types gathered in 17 clonal complexes (STc), the most frequent being STc10/phylogroup A (35%), followed distantly by the emerging STc155/phylogroup B1 (7%), STc38/phylogroup D (4%) and STc131/phylogroup B2 (3%). While a wide diversity of clones has been observed, SNP analysis revealed several genetically close isolates (n = 34/168) which suggests human-to-human transmissions. IncY plasmids were found with an unusual prevalence (23%), all carrying a blaCTX–M–15. Most of them (85%) showed substantial homology (≥85%) suggesting a dissemination of IncY ESBL plasmids in Madagascar. This large-scale study reveals a high prevalence of ESBL-E. coli among pregnant women in four cities in Madagascar associated with warmth and rainfall. It shows the great diversity of E. coli disseminating throughout the country but also transmission of specific clones and spread of plasmids. This highlights the urgent need of public-health interventions to control antibiotic resistance in the country.

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