scholarly journals 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Glucocorticoid dynamics: insights from mathematical, experimental and clinical studies

2015 ◽  
Vol 226 (2) ◽  
pp. T55-T66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Spiga ◽  
Jamie J Walker ◽  
Rita Gupta ◽  
John R Terry ◽  
Stafford L Lightman
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

A pulsatile pattern of secretion is a characteristic of many hormonal systems, including the glucocorticoid-producing hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Despite recent evidence supporting its importance for behavioral, neuroendocrine and transcriptional effects of glucocorticoids, there has been a paucity of information regarding the origin of glucocorticoid pulsatility. In this review we discuss the mechanisms regulating pulsatile dynamics of the HPA axis, and how these dynamics become disrupted in disease. Our recent mathematical, experimental and clinical studies show that glucocorticoid pulsatility can be generated and maintained by dynamic processes at the level of the pituitary–adrenal axis, and that an intra-adrenal negative feedback may contribute to these dynamics.

scholarly journals Dream Recall/Affect and the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-408
Author(s):  
Athanasios Tselebis ◽  
Emmanouil Zoumakis ◽  
Ioannis Ilias
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Free Form ◽  
Dream Recall ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Concise Review ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

In this concise review, we present an overview of research on dream recall/affect and of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, discussing caveats regarding the action of hormones of the HPA axis (mainly cortisol and its free form, cortisol-binding globulin and glucocorticoid receptors). We present results of studies regarding dream recall/affect and the HPA axis under physiological (such as waking) or pathological conditions (such as in Cushing’s syndrome or stressful situations). Finally, we try to integrate the effect of the current COVID-19 situation with dream recall/affect vis-à-vis the HPA axis.

scholarly journals Repeated Ferret Odor Exposure Induces Different Temporal Patterns of Same-Stressor Habituation and Novel-Stressor Sensitization in Both Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity and Forebrain c-fos Expression in the Rat

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 749-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc S. Weinberg ◽  
Aadra P. Bhatt ◽  
Milena Girotti ◽  
Cher V. Masini ◽  
Heidi E. W. Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Psychological Stressor ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Repeated exposure to a moderately intense stressor typically produces attenuation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response (habituation) on re-presentation of the same stressor; however, if a novel stressor is presented to the same animals, the HPA axis response may be augmented (sensitization). The extent to which this adaptation is also evident within neural activity patterns is unknown. This study tested whether repeated ferret odor (FO) exposure, a moderately intense psychological stressor for rats, leads to both same-stressor habituation and novel-stressor sensitization of the HPA axis response and neuronal activity as determined by immediate early gene induction (c-fos mRNA). Rats were presented with FO in their home cages for 30 min a day for up to 2 wk and subsequently challenged with FO or restraint. Rats displayed HPA axis activity habituation and widespread habituation of c-fos mRNA expression (in situ hybridization) throughout the brain in as few as three repeated presentations of FO. However, repeated FO exposure led to a more gradual development of sensitized HPA-axis and c-fos mRNA responses to restraint that were not fully evident until after 14 d of prior FO exposure. The sensitized response was evident in many of the same brain regions that displayed habituation, including primary sensory cortices and the prefrontal cortex. The shared spatial expression but distinct temporal development of habituation and sensitization neural response patterns suggests two independent processes with opposing influences across overlapping brain systems. Repeated exposure of rats to ferret odor leads to rapid development of stimulus-specific habituation and slower development of novel-stressor sensitization of forebrain and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity.

scholarly journals Role of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal-axis, toll-like receptors, and macrophage polarization in pre-atherosclerotic changes induced by social isolation stress in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvin Haj-Mirzaian ◽  
Kiana Ramezanzadeh ◽  
Siavash Shariatzadeh ◽  
Michael Tajik ◽  
Farima Khalafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Isolation Stress ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Atherosclerotic Changes ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

AbstractIt has been well documented that chronic stress can induce atherosclerotic changes, however, the underlying mechanisms is yet to be established. In this regard, this study aimed to elucidate the relation between hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal-axis (HPA-axis), toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as M1/M2 macrophage ratio and pre-atherosclerotic changes in social isolation stress (SIS) in mice. We used small interfering RNA against the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to evaluate the relation between HPA-axis and TLRs. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to SIS and RT-PCR, ELISA, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the relations between pre-atherosclerotic changes and TLRs, macrophage polarization, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and cell adhesion molecules in aortic tissue. We used TAK-242 (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), a selective antagonist of TLR4, as a possible prophylactic treatment for atherosclerotic changes induced by SIS. We observed that isolated animals had higher serum concentration of corticosterone and higher body weight in comparison to normal animals. In isolated animals, results of in vitro study showed that knocking-down of the GR in bone marrow–derived monocytes significantly decreased the expression of TLR4. In vivo study suggested higher expression of TLR4 on circulating monocytes and higher M1/M2 ratio in aortic samples. Pathological study showed a mild pre-atherosclerotic change in isolated animals. Finally, we observed that treating animals with TAK-242 could significantly inhibit the pre-atherosclerotic changes. SIS can possibly increase the risk of atherosclerosis through inducing abnormal HPA-axis activity and subsequently lead to TLR4 up-regulation, vascular inflammation, high M1/M2 ratio in intima. Thus, TLR4 inhibitors might be a novel treatment to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis induced by chronic stress.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Corticosteroid Regimens on Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal Axis and Growth in Juvenile Chronic Arthritis

1983 ◽  
Vol 76 (6) ◽  
pp. 452-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Byron ◽  
J Jackson ◽  
B M Ansell
Keyword(s):  
Corticosteroid Therapy ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Juvenile Chronic Arthritis ◽  
Chronic Arthritis ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Linear growth was recorded in 36 children with juvenile chronic arthritis. In 20, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) was assessed by insulin-induced hypoglycaemia, the results of which correlated well with resting Cortisol levels. Three groups were identified according to type of corticosteroid regimen administered. Group 1 (6 children), receiving daily corticosteroid therapy, were clearly suppressed and failing to grow. Group 2 (13 children) had received an alternate-day regimen from the initiation of corticosteroid therapy; they were not suppressed and growth was satisfactory in 11. Group 3 (17 children) were receiving alternate-day therapy, but had had daily corticosteroid in the past; they showed no clear pattern of suppression or growth. Factors influencing the recovery of the HPA axis and resumption of growth were assessed. No difference was found in the individual growth of 7 children who commenced alternate-day therapy before the age of 5, compared with matched controls. It is suggested that daily divided doses of corticosteroid should not be used. Ideally, a single morning dose (up to 2 mg/kg) alternate-day regimen should be employed, as this regimen has minimal effects on HPA function and growth, even in young children. For very severe systemic features, it may be necessary to add a small single dose on the alternate day.

Effects of Cloprednol and other Corticosteroids on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Function

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 326-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Ortega ◽  
Consuelo Rodriguez ◽  
L James Strand ◽  
Eugene Segre
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Hpa Function

The effects of cloprednol and other synthetic corticosteroids on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function were studied in healthy subjects after administration of a single oral dose of corticosteroid at 6 a.m. or 6 p.m., and after daily 6 a.m. administration of corticosteroids at various doses for seven days. The degree of HPA suppression was assessed by metyrapone tests (METP), insulin hypoglycaemia tests (IHT) and 6 a.m. fasting plasma Cortisol concentrations. Regardless of the corticosteroid tested, 6 p.m. dosing was at least four-fold more suppressive of METP response than 6 a.m. administration. At therapeutically equivalent doses, single doses of triamcinolone and dexamethasone were more suppressive of HPA-axis function than cloprednol, hydrocortisone or prednisolone. After 6 a.m. administration for seven days, 12·5 mg of cloprednol did not impair the Cortisol response to IHT or interfere with the METP response. The clinically equivalent dose of prednisolone (25 mg) resulted in slightly greater HPA-axis suppression. All doses of dexamethasone (0·5, 3·75 and 6·0 mg) and of betamethasone (2·0, 4·0 and 6·5 mg) were more suppressive of HPA-axis function than either cloprednol or prednisolone. These results suggest that at equipotent anti-inflammatory doses, cloprednol is slightly less suppressive of HPA-axis function than prednisolone, and both cloprednol and prednisolone are much less suppressive than dexamethasone or betamethasone.

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, Obesity, and Chronic Stress Exposure: Foods and HPA Axis

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 199-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Femke Rutters ◽  
Susanne La Fleur ◽  
Sofie Lemmens ◽  
Jurriaan Born ◽  
Mieke Martens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Stress Exposure ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis
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