The production of sex-known offspring is a main objective in reproductive biotechnology. It has been reported that bovine ova developed in follicles with high concentrations of testosterone in vivo yielded significantly more male embryos in vitro (Grant V et al. 2008 Biol. Reprod. 78, 812–815). In this work we aimed to test the effects of testosterone on sex ratio of bovine embryos produced in fully in vitro conditions. Immature bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs; n = 750) from slaughterhouse ovaries were cultured in 199 HNaCO3 with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 0.1 mg mL–1 as a basic medium. Culture was made in two steps, a 24 h meiotic arrest (roscovitine 25 μm), and a subsequent in vitro maturation period with FSH-LH for 24 h. Testosterone (T-86500, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was added throughout the entire oocyte culture at 0, 30, 300, and 1500 nm. After in vitro fertilization (Day 0), zygotes were freed of cumulus cells by pipetting, and subsequently cultured in SOF + 6 g L–1 BSA up to Day 3. At this time, embryo development was recorded, and all embryos having 3 or more cells were treated with pronase to remove the zona pellucida. Zona-free embryos were washed in PBS containing PVA 0.1 mg mL–1 and individually frozen at –80°C until sex analysis by PCR (Bermejo-Alvarez P et al. 2008 Biol. Reprod. doi:10.1095/biolreprod.108.070169). A total of 252 embryos from 5 replicates were sexed. Data for development and sex-ratio are presented as % LSM ± SD. There were no interactions between testosterone treatment, embryonic sex, and embryonic stage analyzed. Testosterone did not affect development rates (P > 0.05) at any stage: cleavage (47.8 ± 6.8, 56.5 ± 6.8; 50.9 ± 6.8; 62.2 ± 6.8), 3 to 4 cells (40.6 ± 5.2, 45.8 ± 5.2; 37.8 ± 5.2; 47.7 ± 5.2) and >5 cells rates (24.5 ± 4; 27.3 ± 4; 21.3 ± 4; 25.3 ± 4) for 0, 30, 300, and 1500 nm testosterone, respectively. Cumulative percentages of male embryos were as follows: 53 ± 8 (n = 56), 42.6 ± 8 (n = 52), 53.6 ± 6 (n = 81) and 57.6 ± 8 (n = 63) for 0, 30, 300, and 1500 nm groups respectively (P > 0.05). These results show that the testosterone effects on oocyte ability to select Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa are not reproducible in vitro under the present experimental conditions.
Grant support: MEC, project AGL2008-01530; RTA2008-0082; M. Muoz is supported by FICYT.
Pregnancies after co-culture of cumulus cells with bovine embryos derived from in-vitro fertilization of in-vitro matured follicular oocytes
