scholarly journals Allen, Jones and Hall: Black Social Entrepreneurship During the Early Republic

Perceptions ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan Forrest
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Revolutionary War ◽  
Pursuit Of Happiness ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Declaration Of Independence ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Society

In the years after the Revolutionary War, the cities of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Boston, Massachusetts saw a dramatic increase in the social entrepreneurship of African- Americans. The prevalent disenfranchisement of African-Americans in the era of the early Republic, the signing of the Declaration of Independence while most Blacks  were enslaved and denied their basic right to life, liberty, and their pursuit of happiness, created an American society filled with discrimination and injustice.  In the midst of  hypocrisy, Black men rose to the occasion and founded organizations that provided Blacks  with a sense of identity, comfort, and support.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jelani M. Favors
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Cultural Nationalism ◽  
Black Colleges ◽  
Black Freedom Movement ◽  
The Social ◽  
Black Freedom ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Society ◽  
Freedom Movement

The introduction familiarizes the reader with the concept of the second curriculum – a pedagogy of idealism, race consciousness, and cultural nationalism that flowed through all black colleges and made them formidable epicenters of black militancy and activism. The case for constructing a longitudinal history of seven different institutions is made. The author repurposes the theory of communitas, first introduced by anthropologist Victor Turner, and uses this concept to define black colleges as dedicated, racialized spaces that countered the ideology of white supremacy that permeated American society and sought to crush the social, political, and economic advancement of African Americans. In doing so, HBCUs served as a vital cornerstone of the black freedom movement in America.

“Spreading the Gospel of Basketball”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damion L. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Cold War ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Racial Inequalities ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
American Society ◽  
Racial Progress ◽  
Legal Barriers

This chapter focuses on the Harlem Globetrotters as Cold Warriors between 1947 and 1954. This is an important moment because prior to the passage of the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, the State Department was in the unenviable position of trying to defend segregation while stressing racial progress. Moreover, the politics of symbolism associated with the Globetrotters' tours was designed to give legitimacy to existing racial inequalities in American society by stressing “progress” during the early Cold War era, despite the social, political, and legal barriers that hindered African American advancement. The symbol of the successful yet segregated athlete allowed the government to argue that segregation was not an impediment to the advancement of individual African Americans.

scholarly journals LIBERTY AND SLAVERY AS “CIVILIZATIONAL VALUES”

2018 ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
A. Koval
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Declaration Of Independence ◽  
Ancient Athens ◽  
Southern States ◽  
Antebellum Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
American Society ◽  
High Level ◽  
Enslaved African Americans

Basic principles of the US Declaration of Independence (as the example of the classical liberalism implementation) and main arguments of Southern advocates of slavery of antebellum period are considered in the article. The views of John Calhoun and George Fitzhugh were analyzed. Their attempts to harmonize the institution of slavery with the very important for the American society principles of equality and liberty were examined by the author. Both of them considered slavery as the institution with civilizing properties that should prevail over the absence of liberty for African Americans. Such views were based on racism – advocates of slavery were refusing to concede the physical and intellectual equality of the enslaved African Americans and the descendants of European colonists. Fitzhugh’s main arguments for the preservation of slavery were the examples of the classical societies and states, specifically Ancient Athens and Rome, which had been reached the high level of the civilization development due to slavery. Calhoun’s and Fitzhugh’s attempts to defend the traditional social and economical mode of Southern States led them to the denial of main principles of Declaration of Independence.

scholarly journals Race and Politics in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-179
Author(s):  
Howard A. Palley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Black Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Thomas Jefferson ◽  
Pursuit Of Happiness ◽  
George Washington ◽  
Declaration Of Independence ◽  
Chattel Slavery ◽  
Race And Politics ◽  
Inalienable Rights

Abstract The Declaration of Independence asserts that “All men are created equal, and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Nevertheless, the United States, at its foundation has been faced with the contradiction of initially supporting chattel slavery --- a form of slavery that treated black slaves from Africa purely as a commercial commodity. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, both of whom had some discomfort with slavery, were slaveholders who both utilized slaves as a commodity. Article 1 of our Constitution initially treated black slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportioning representation in order to increase Southern representation in Congress. So initially the Constitution’s commitment to “secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity” did not include the enslaved black population. This essay contends that the residue of this initial dilemma still affects our politics --- in a significant manner.

Integrating Social Entrepreneurship Literature Through Teaching

2021 ◽  
pp. 251512742110219
Author(s):  
Angela E. Addae ◽  
Cheryl Ellenwood
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Sectors

As boundaries between the business and social sectors dissolve, social entrepreneurship has emerged as a phenomenon that bridges two worlds previously divided. Now, social entrepreneurs embrace market-based tools to address society’s greatest challenges. Coinciding with the growth of the sector, students and researchers have sought to understand development, growth strategies, and the practical challenges related to social entrepreneurship. In turn, universities have bolstered social entrepreneurship education by creating academic offerings that emphasize business, social impact, and innovation. Still, social entrepreneurship education remains in its infancy. Courses are as varied as the field itself, and instructors routinely rely on their professional backgrounds and networks to develop curricula that explore the field’s multifaceted character. Thus, social entrepreneurship courses are diverse across disciplines, and the academic literature theorizing the phenomenon is similarly emergent. As social entrepreneurship courses combine theoretical insights with experiential learning in a myriad of ways, aligning theoretical insights with necessary core competencies presents a challenge. To address this dilemma, we highlight the importance of employing theory-driven concepts to develop core competencies in social entrepreneurship students. In doing so, we review key threshold concepts in the social entrepreneurship literature and suggest how instructors might link theoretical insights to practical skill sets.

The Relationship of the −5, −8, and −24 Variant Alleles in African Americans to Triosephosphate Isomerase (TPI) Enzyme Activity and to TPI Deficiency

Blood ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. 2959-2962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Schneider ◽  
Linda Forman ◽  
Beryl Westwood ◽  
Catherine Yim ◽  
James Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Triosephosphate Isomerase ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
American Society ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In 424 African-American and 75 white subjects, we found that the −5 (TPI 592 A→G), −8 (TPI 589 G→A), and −24 (TPI 573 T→G) variants in the triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) gene occurred frequently (41.0%) in the African-American subjects but did not occur in the whites. These data suggest that this set of polymorphisms may turn out to be one of the higher-incidence molecular markers of African lineage, a surprising finding because others had reported that these nucleotide substitutions were restricted to a small subset of African Americans who had been characterized as TPI-deficiency heterozygotes. Additionally, we investigated the relationship of these variants to TPI-enzyme activity. Although the variant substitutions (occurring in three haplotypes: −5 alone, −5 −8, and −5 −8 −24) were associated with moderate reduction in enzyme activity, severe-deficiency heterozygotes could not be identified with certainty, and none of the haplotypes were restricted to subjects with marked reduction of enzyme activity. Three subjects were homozygous for the −5 −8 haplotype, a finding inconsistent with the putative role of this haplotype as the cause of a null variant incompatible with life in homozygotes. Despite these findings, the possibility remains that the −5 −8 or −5 −8 −24 haplotypes may in some instances contribute to compound heterozygosity and clinical TPI deficiency. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.

scholarly journals Black entrepreneurship and ethnic beauty salons: possibilities forresistance in the social (re)construction of black identity

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (87) ◽  
pp. 589-609
Author(s):  
Ana Flávia Rezende ◽  
Flávia Luciana Naves Mafra ◽  
Jussara Jéssica Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Racial Identity ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Black Racial Identity ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Face ◽  
Black Entrepreneurship ◽  
Racial Ethnic

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the case of five lack entrepreneurs who own businesses a public that for years has denied a esthetic and phenotypic traits. These spaces, branded as ‘ethnic salons’, aim to take care of the curly and / or Afrohair of Black men and women.In the face of this context, we ask: how canBlack entrepreneurs and enterprisesconfront colonialmentality in social relations, by creating businesses aimed at giving value to, and appreciatingthe identity of Black men and women? The field research was conducted via observations and interviews,collecting narratives from both. The narratives went through a process of synthesis and analysisprocesses that allowed us to flag the motivesbehind these enterprises, as well as the racial/ethnic acceptance present in these spaces. Thus, the main contribution of this paper is to discuss ‘hairtype’ as a constitutive element of Black racial identity, and the opportunity for more autonomywhen entering the labor market.

Sentimental Drivers of Social Entrepreneurship: A Study of China's Guangcai (Glorious) Program

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne W. Yiu ◽  
William P. Wan ◽  
Frank W. Ng ◽  
Xing Chen ◽  
Jun Su
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Educational Opportunities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Perceived Social Status ◽  
Private Entrepreneurs ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Social entrepreneurship plays an important role in local development in emerging economies, but scholars have paid little attention to this emerging phenomenon. Under the theory of moral sentiments, we posit that some entrepreneurs are altruistically motivated to promote a morally effective economic system by engaging in social entrepreneurial activities. Focusing on China's Guangcai (Glorious) Program, a social entrepreneurship program initiated by China's private entrepreneurs to combat poverty and contribute to regional development, we find that private entrepreneurs are motivated to participate in such programs if they have more past distressing experiences, including limited educational opportunities, unemployment experience, rural poverty experience, and startup location hardship. Their perceived social status further strengthens these relationships. Our study contributes to the social entrepreneurship literature by offering a moral sentiment perspective that explains why some entrepreneurs voluntarily join a social entrepreneurship program to mitigate poverty in society.

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