scholarly journals Obligatory features of Lithuanian verbal inflection classes

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 268-290
Author(s):  
Jurgis Pakerys
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Verbal Inflection ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Tense

Lithuanian verbal inflection classes are defined by tense suffixes, stem‑forming affixes, vowel and consonant alternations, and accentuation patterns. I make a distinction between obligatory features that are relevant for every verb and non‑obligatory features that characterize only part of the verbs. I argue that the obligatory features are the present and the past tense suffixes combined with mobile and immobile accentuation patterns, while the rest of the features are optional. When only the obligatory features are taken into account, three types of the present tense (‑a‑, ‑i‑, ‑o‑) and two types of the past tense (‑ė‑, ‑o‑) suffixes are found in five combinations (‑a‑/‑ė‑, ‑a‑/‑o‑, ‑i‑/‑o‑, ‑o‑/‑ė‑, ‑o‑/‑o‑) with further variants defined by two types of mobile and one type of immobile accentuation, resulting in eighteen suffixal‑accentual combinations in standard Lithuanian. The combinations of features characterizing the present and the past stems support the view of inflection classes as classes of stems rather than of lexemes (Stump 2016).

‘Colloquialization’ in fiction: A corpus-driven analysis of present-tense fiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-304
Author(s):  
Reiko Ikeo
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fictional Narratives ◽  
Present Tense

Over the past decade, more and more writers have used the present tense as the primary tense for their fictional narratives. This article shows that contemporary present-tense fiction has more lexical and syntactic characteristics which are similar to spoken discourse than past-tense fiction by comparing lexis and structures in two corpora: a corpus consisting of present-tense narratives and a corpus of past-tense narratives. It also discusses how the use of the present tense affects the management of viewpoint in narrative by relating its lexical, structural characteristics to the presentation of characters’ speech and thoughts.

scholarly journals The Golok Dialect and Written Tibetan past-tense verb forms

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Sprigg
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Present Tense

Tibetan orthography looks phonetically challenging, to say the least; and one may well wonder whether such tongue-twisting combinations as the brj of brjes, the blt- of bltas, or the bst- of bstan ever did twist a Tibetan tongue, or whether the significance of these and other such orthographic forms might not have been morphophonemic in origin, with the letters r, l, and s in the syllable initial of forms such as these serving to associate these past-tense forms lexically with their corresponding present-tense forms; e.g. Viewed in relation to Tibetan orthography the past-tense forms of a class of verbs in the Golok dialect seem to support this hypothesis. Table 1, below, contains a number of examples of Golok verbs in their past-tense and present-tense forms to illustrate a type of phonological analysis suited to that view of the r syllable-initial unit in the Golok examples, and, indirectly, in the WT examples too (the symbols b and b will be accounted for in section (B) below).

Producing inflected verbs

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wieke Tabak ◽  
Robert Schreuder ◽  
R. H. Baayen
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inflected Form ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Dual Mechanism ◽  
As Effects

Four picture naming experiments addressing the production of regular and irregular pasttense forms in Dutch are reported. Effects of inflectional entropy as well as effects of the frequency of the past-tense inflected form across regulars and irregulars support models with a redundant lexicon while challenging the dual mechanism model (Pinker, 1997). The evidence supports the hypothesis of Stemberger (2004) and the general approach of Word and Paradigm morphology (Blevins, 2003) according to which inflected forms are not derived from the present-tense stem, but accessed independently.

The Referentiality of Tenses

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Theo Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Old Irish ◽  
The Past ◽  
Past Tense Form ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Context Of Situation

Abstract. This article assumes that tenses in English and Dutch are non-time-based. A verb in the present tense form signals 'verb-in-this-context-of-situation', whereas a verb in the past tense form signals 'verb-in-that-context-of-situation'. It is argued here that the non-time-based analysis of tenses is particularly relevant in cases in which two tense forms should indicate the same time, but have to be interpreted as indicating different times. This discrepancy may occur in the relative use of tenses in various languages (e.g. Classical Greek, Old Irish, Ngiti, and Russian).

Zero verb marking in Sranan

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astrid De Wit ◽  
Frank Brisard
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Perfective Aspect ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Lexical Aspect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Basic Level

In the Surinamese creole language Sranan, verbs in finite clauses that lack overt TMA-marking are often considered to be ambiguous between past and present interpretations (depending on the lexical aspect of the verb involved) or analyzed as having a perfective value. We claim that these verbs are in fact zero-marked, and we investigate the various uses of this zero expression in relation to context and lexical aspect on the basis of corpus data and native speaker elicitations. It is shown that existing analyses do not cover and unify all the various uses of the construction. We propose, as an alternative, to regard the zero form as present perfective marker, whereby tense and aspect are conceived of as fundamentally epistemic categories, in line with Langacker (1991). This combination of present tense and perfective aspect, which is regarded as infelicitous in typological studies of tense and aspect (cf. the ‘present perfective paradox’, Malchukov 2009), gives rise to the various interpretations associated with zero. However, in all of its uses, zero still indicates that, at the most basic level, a situation belongs to the speaker’s conception of ‘immediate reality’ (her domain of ‘inclusion’). This basic ‘presentness’ distinguishes zero from the past-tense marker ben, which implies dissociation.

scholarly journals О соотношении двух плюсквамперфектов в псковских говорах в сопоставлении с инославянским материалом

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
М. В. Ермолова ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Tense

There are two pluperfect forms in Pskov dialects: “to be (past tense) + vši-form” and “to be (past tense) +l-form”. The first one has a resultative meaning and should be considered in the row of other perfective forms with the verb to be in the present tense, future tense and in the form of subjunctive mood. The second one has a meaning of discontinuous past. Apparently, it is a grammeme of the past tense and it is opposed to the “simple” past tense by the meaning of the irrelevance of the action to the present. There are similar systems with two pluperfect forms in other Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

scholarly journals RHETORICAL PATTERNS, VERB TENSE, AND VOICE IN CROSS DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH ARTICLE ABSTRACT

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharifah Hanidar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Engineering ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Passive Voice ◽  
Active Voice ◽  
Rhetorical Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Research Procedure ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Verb Tense

This article investigates research article abstracts in terms of their rhetorical patterns and the use of verb tenses and voice. A total of 40 abstracts were selected from four international journals in the fields of Biology, Mechanical Engineering, Linguistics, and Medicine. A four move model was adopted from Hardjanto (1997) to analyze the structure of the abstracts. The results show that all the abstracts have Move 1, creating a research space; 70% have Move 2, describing research procedure; 85% have Move 3, summarizing principal results; and 85% have Move 4, evaluating results. All the abstracts in medicine have Moves 1, 2, 3 and 4, whereas the most common pattern in Biology is Moves 1, 3 and 4, in Mechanical Engineering Moves 1, 2 and 3, and in Linguistics Moves 1, 2 and 4. This seems to suggest that there is a disciplinary variation in the structuring of RA abstracts in the four disciplines under investigation. With regard to the use of verb tense and voice in each move, the present tense and past tense in the active voice and the past tense in the passive voice were the most frequently used tenses. The present tense in the active voice was frequently used in Moves 1 and 4, while the past tense in the active voice was commonly used in Move 3 and the past tense in the passive voice was frequently found in Move 2. Furthermore, it was found that the present tense in the active voice was frequently used in Biology, Mechanical Engineering and Linguistics, whereas the past tense in the active voice occurred more frequently in Medicine, and the past tense in the passive voice was more frequently found in Mechanical Engineering than in other disciplines. 

scholarly journals The Use of Deictic Elements in Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies

Verbum ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Inčiuraitė
Keyword(s):  
English Translation ◽  
World Heritage ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Catholic Homilies ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Selection Of

The phenomenon of deixis is still the dominant topic for investigation in the field of pragmatics. The study seeks to analyze distinct types of deictic categories in the medieval world heritage, namely Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies. Deictic expressions are considered to be highly relevant for the research of these homilies as they perform a leading role in the connectivity of sermons. Moreover, incorrect use of deictic elements can give rise to misunderstanding and unsuccessful communication betwixt the speaker and the addressee. The search for deictic expressions which are encoded in pronouns or adverbs in the selection of Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies has been assisted by an excessive use of Benjamin Thorpe’s English translation (1844). The context of sermons lets us determine and decipher the meaning of deictic expressions which change in distinct contexts with the speaker’s position either in time or space. The study uses the framework of deixis proposed by Stephen Levinson (1983) as well as a pragmatic approach for the analysis of distinct types of deictic elements in Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies. The findings of the study reveal that the sermons exhibit various deictic categories, namely person, place, time, and discourse. Moreover, these categories as well as the predication clearly show the proximity or distance of the speaker to the referred object. As far as tense is concerned, it is a temporal deictic device. In Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies, the present tense is the proximal form, whereas the past tense is the distal form.

A usage-based approach to early-discourse pragmatic functions of the Japanese subject markerswaandga*

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-106
Author(s):  
MARIKO UNO
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Japanese Subject ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Japanese Children ◽  
The Past ◽  
Speech Data ◽  
Present Tense

AbstractThis study investigates the emergence and development of the discourse-pragmatic functions of the Japanese subject markerswaandgafrom a usage-based perspective (Tomasello, 2000). The use of each marker in longitudinal speech data for four Japanese children from 1;0 to 3;1 and their parents available in the CHILDES database (MacWhinney, 2000) was coded and analyzed. Findings showed that the four children initially usedwaas awh-question marker. They then gradually shifted its use to convey the proposition of given information. In contrast, the use ofgavaried among the children. One child usedgawith dynamic verbs in the past tense to report events he witnessed/experienced, while the other three children used it with a particular stative predicate in the present tense, expressing their subjective feeling toward referents. Findings were explained by the frequency of input to which the children had been exposed.

scholarly journals Rerproducing the Voice of Dostoevsky-Narrator in Spanish: Translator’s Notes

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-197
Author(s):  
Omar Lobos
Keyword(s):  
Spanish Language ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
The Voice

The voice of Dostoevsky-narrator is always live and theatrical. We can hear his voice that sounds spontaneously in the present tense. We perceive his changing timber, we can see that the writer strives to be scrupulous in passing on to the reader every minute detail, to prevent us from overlooking it. Sometimes there are doubts or musing in his voice. The narrator examines everything together with the reader, he is mounting adjectives, adverbs, participles before nouns. He makes sudden impulsive digressions, slows down, impedes the narration, he prolongs it nervously and convulsively up to making his manner tedious and at the same time captivating. Hence there appear choking fits, hyper-saturation, lengthiness, coarseness of the phrases. Usually all these tend to be softened and smoothed when translated into Spanish. Our grammar and literary conventions automatically ‘put everything in order’, keeping it under lock and key in the past tense, while Dostoevsky’s narrative lives, argues, debates, evolves in the present tense, being a sort of theater. The Spanish language, however, wants to make everything follow its rules. The article strives to study and demonstrate the characteristics of Dostoevsky’s “live style” in his novel The Idiot, and to discuss the possibilities and difficulties one is facing with when trying to reproduce them in Spanish.

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