LEARNING PRESENT FORMS AS RESPONSE TO COVID-19 FOR STUDENTS IN DAARUL MUTI’AH, KAMPUNG CIPUTAT, CILEDUG

This program is designed for the students who study in Islamic Boarding School Daarul Muti’ah, Kampung Ciputat, Tajur, Ciledug in understanding the grammar materials; present forms (present tense, present continuous, present perfect) as a response to learning process during the pandemic COVID-19 because English is one of subjects in the school which needs extra understanding particularly grammar. This program is conducted approximately 1.5 month which started in the beginning of June 2021 until mid of July 2021. The program tries to reveal; 1) the process of learning present forms which is conducted as the response to pandemic COVID-19 for the students who study in Daarul Muti’ah Kampung Ciputat, Tajur, Ciledug and 2) the process of learning present forms can help the students who study in Daarul Muti’ah Kampung Ciputat, Tajur, Ciledug to increase their English language proficiency. The method of the program is offline by giving workshop and giving feedback to the students. Pre-test is conducted before the program by giving the students some questions related to Present forms. Also, the post-test is conducted to know their ability to measure and understand the Present forms concept after having this program.

Prior’s Turn to Medieval Logic

The peculiar aspect of medieval logic, that the truth-value of propositions changes with time, gradually disappeared as Europe exited the Renaissance. In modern logic, it was assumed by W.V.O. Quine that one cannot appreciate modern symbolic logic if one does not take it to be tenseless. A.N. Prior’s invention of tense-logic challenged Quine’s view and can be seen as a turn to medieval logic. However, Prior’s discussion of the philosophical problems related to quantified tense-logic led him to reject essential aspects of medieval logic. This invites an evaluation of Prior’s formalisation of tense-logic as, in part, an argument in favour of the medieval view of propositions. This article argues that Prior’s turn to medieval logic is hampered by his unwillingness to accept essential medieval assumptions regarding facts about objects that do not exist. Furthermore, it is argued that presentists should learn an important lesson from Prior’s struggle with accepting the implications of quantified tense-logic and reject theories that purport to be presentism as unorthodox if they also affirm Quine’s view on ontic commitment. In the widest sense: philosophers who, like Prior, turn to the medieval view of propositions must accept a worldview with facts about individuals that, in principle, do not supervene (present tense) on being, for they do not yet exist.

A Case Study of Students’ Barriers in Passive Voice Sententes

This study was to find out the errors experienced by students in composing passive voice sentences. It also explained the factors that caused students' barriers in constructing passive voice sentences. This study focused on students' errors and bariers in constructing passive voice sentences in the form of Simple Present Tense, Simple Past Tense, and Present Future Perfect Tense. The research approach used was a qualitative method through a case study. The subject of this research was 12 students in class XII of SMKS Yaspenmas Sei Lepan. Data collection techniques were tests and interviews. The findings of this study were the types of student errors on omission 62.4%, misinformation 10.6%, misordering 27%. As well as the location of the error in the passive voice sentence in the form of Simple Present Tense in the use of to be 75%, past participle 100%, then the use of to be in the Simple Past Tense 95, 83% and past participle 64.6%, then the use of have in Present Future Perfect Tense 36.1%, been 100%, and past participle 33.3%. These errors were due to internal factors and external factors. The internal factors were students’ lack of interest in learning English as well as lack of vocabulary mastery and lack of understanding of grammar. The external factors were lack of parental attention, lack of supporting media in the learning process, inadequate school infrastructures, and the road to school was difficult to pass.

A Syntactic- Semantic Study of Historical Present in Zaynab Novel

This study tackles the historical present from a syntactic and semantic points of view. Historical present, in general, is a vital step to be used in the literary works. In this study, the researcher selects 'Zaynab' novel to be analyzed in terms of the historical present tense. By the end of the study, the researcher gives an answer to the following questions; Does Haykal employ the 'historical present' in his novel Zaynab?, does the use of the 'historical present' work as the other types of the present tense? This study aims to explore the use of the 'historical present' in Haykal's Zaynab novel and to clarify the idea that the use of 'historical present' does not work like the other types of the present tense. The study hypothesizes that Haykal makes a special use of the 'historical present' in his novel Zaynab. In addition, the use of 'historical present' does not work differently from the other types of the present tense. The researcher adopts two models to analyze the novel. They are: Abdu Alḥamyd's (2006) and Porter's (1989). The results of the study show that Haykal employs the historical present through his narrative to accomplish his intended purposes.

Morphological Analysis on Affixes in Tombulu Language

This study aimed to reveal affixes' form and meaning in Tombulu language tenses, especially on past, present, and future tenses. Descriptive qualitative method used with applying Arikunto's procedure of collecting data which were interview and documentation. While, in analyzing data used Miles & Huberman which consisted of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. This study showed that there were different functions of Affixes in the tenses of Tombulu language and English. The simple past tense was Infix -im- and -in-, which were placed after vocal or consonant phonemes. Simple present tense with Prefix mah- which was located to the beginning of the word. Simple future tense with Infix -um-, which was placed after vocal or consonant phonemes.

Prohibition: Between the Linguistic and the Legislative Concepts

Comparative studies take the lead among all studies, including modern linguistic studies. They are the means through which researchers get aware of other sciences and find connections among them. Thus, legislative texts are the database of the present study. The legal rule aims at achieving two issues: Doing something, which corresponds to order. What the addressee must avoid, which corresponds to prohibition that has been chosen for the present study. The present study starts with defining prohibition linguistically and grammatically, its meaning among the scholars of origins, and then its concept among those involved in the drafting of texts. The present study aims at identifying methods and expressions indicating prohibition, among which is the important expression “don’t”. Finally, punishment, which is the common result for not complying, is indicated. Linguistic, legislative drafting books, and some Quranic texts are used as the database for the present study. The Penal Code and the Civil Law are taken from the legal texts. The present study comes up with results; legislators do not use the term prohibition. Instead, they use prohibitive formulas. Legislators do not abide by what grammarians abide to. Grammarians use“ don’t + the present tense. But, legislators use everything that leads to the meaning of avoiding doing something except the grammarians’ formula because it makes legal texts subject to interpretation and diligence.

Verbal aspect in the acquisition of Latvian as a foreign language

The article addresses verbal aspect in the acquisition of Latvian as a foreign language. Latvian textbooks both in Latvian and in other languages, as well as Japanese learners’ writings are analysed to explore this topic. The main issue is the use of verbs expressing the aspectual opposition perfective / imperfective, as well as the opposition inchoative / stative, and other Aktionsart prefixed verbs. Verbal aspect in Latvian is an implicit category. It is one of the few categories described in Latvian grammars but less frequently addressed in the textbooks of Latvian as a foreign language. The analysis shows that in the initial stage learners may use mostly imperfective non-prefixed verbs when denoting habitual situations in the present tense. The necessity of perfective prefixed verbs arises in the preterit, when learners describe a concrete, single situation that has taken place in the past. Without knowing the notion of aspectual opposition and corresponding perfective prefixed verbs, learners often use imperfective verbs. A similar situation is observed for the inchoative prefixed verbs, which learners replace with the imperfective stative verbs that they have already acquired. The use of other Aktionsart prefixed verbs seems difficult for learners and requires a higher, “native-like” level of proficiency.

Active participles in Jordanian Arabic

This study examines the categorial status, syntactic derivation, and tense of active participles in an urban variety of Jordanian Arabic. It is shown that unlike in other Arabic varieties, active participles in Jordanian Arabic fall into three distinct categories (namely, nominal, adjectival, and verbal) with respect to their morphophonological, syntactic and semantic structures. Moreover, it is argued that active participles are not lexically underspecified or homophonous, but are rather derived distinctively in the syntax. This study also explores tense in active participle clauses. Verbless clauses with adjectival and nominal active participles as the only predicates solely project present tense; a past or future tense is available only if a copula is involved. In contrast, clauses with verbal active participles, which are morphologically unmarked for tense, are shown to license temporal adverbs of different time references. It is argued that such clauses project a covert agreement tense whose time frame is established by time adverbs.

Ghostly pasts and postponed futures: The disorder of time during the corona pandemic

Since the first lockdown in March 2020, time seems to have slowed to a continuous present tense. The Greek language has three words to express different experiences of time: aion, chronos and kairos. If aion is the boundless and limbo-like time of eternity, chronos represents chronological, sequential, and linear time. Kairos, however, signifies the rupture of ordinary time with the opportune moment, epiphany and redemption, revolution, and most broadly, crisis and emergency. This paper argues that the pandemic is impacting how individuals perceive time in two ways: first, as a distortion of time in which individuals are caught between linear time ( chronos) and rupture ( kairos) invoking the state of emergency and second, as an extended present that blurs the passing of chronological time with its seeming eternity ( aion). As a result of the perceived suspension of ordinary time, temporal understandings of the future are postponed, while the past hovers like a ghost over the present.

The linguistic impairment of the perfect aspect in Alzheimer’s disease and logopenic primary progressive aphasia

Taking into account that neuropsychological studies with subjects with language pathologies can contribute to the investigation of the organization of syntactic knowledge, the objective of this work is to investigate the syntactic representation of the perfect aspect based on data from subjects with pathologies that affect their language. More specifically, we aimed to investigate the possible phrases associated with the types of the perfect aspect and the hierarchy among them. This work aims to investigate the syntactic representation of the perfect aspect. Therefore, we sought to verify a possible linguistic impairment of this aspect in individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Primary Progressive Logopenic Aphasia (LPPA). A double case study was carried out with one patient with AD and another with LPPA. The methodology consisted of applying functionality tests, neuropsychological tests, and linguistic tests. The results indicated that both the AD patient and the LPPA patient present functional decline and cognitive impairment, with the degree of impairment of the first patient being more extensive than that of the second one in both cases. Regarding language, the patient with AD showed impairment with all four types of perfect, present tense, and imperfective aspect, whereas the LPPA patient has shown impairment only in perfect of recent past and present tense. Based on the results we propose the existence of a phrase to perfect of recent past and the dominance of the temporal phrase over the perfect phrases in the syntactic hierarchy.