scholarly journals Spatial modelling of urban heat islands and its planning implications in Obio/Akpor local government area

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-250
Author(s):  
Lawson Nwidum ◽  
Kurotamuno Peace Jackson ◽  
Ibama Brown
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Urban Surface ◽  
Spectral Radiance ◽  
Electric Cars ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact

Urban Heat Island (UHI) has become a global recurring phenomenon in most urban centres. Obio/Akpor Local Government Area has had a fair share of this phenomenon owing to its thriving trend in both planned and unplanned urbanisations. The study looks at the impact of UHI in selected communities in Obio/Akpor Local Government in five epochs of 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020. Parts of the objectives include identifying the UHI in these communities in the Local Government Area, modelling of UHI in selected communities in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area and determining the trend in UHI using Epoch data of Urban Surface Temperature from LANDSAT thermal imageries Figure 1. The study adopted Thermal Infrared Remote (TIR) Sensing and Geospatial Information System (GIS) Techniques using LANDSAT TM, LANDSAT ETM and LANDSAT OLI sensors to acquire Urban Surface temperature data emitted by objects in the study area and store the information as a digital number (DN) thermal band (B6, B61 and B10) as well as secondary data acquired from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET). Urban Surface Temperature was obtained through the following processes: Acquisition of Urban Surface Temperature value of the study area in form of DN, the conversion of DN to Spectral radiance using the Spectral radiance equation. The data were processed, analysed, and modelled using ESRI’s ArcGIS 10.1. The results revealed that in 2000, the Average Urban Temperature of the study area was 23.480°C, the value increase to 27.647°C in 2005 with a difference of 4.167°C. The temperature of 2005 increased to 31.598°C in 2010 with a difference in temperature of 3.951°C. Accordingly, the temperature of 2010 increased to 33.054°C in 2015 with a temperature difference of 1.456°C and temperature of 2015 increased to 33.070°C with a difference of 0.016°C. The analysis shows an increasing trend of 40% in the Urban Surface Temperature in the study area in the various years under investigation. The study recommends that development should be extended to other Local Government Areas in the state to reduce rural-urban migration to Obio/Akpor Local Government. Tree planting should be encouraged as a way of mitigating the effect of air pollution, heatwaves and harmful gases emitted into the environment by combust engines and gas flaring, the use of combustion engines be replaced by electric cars to reduce the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted ti environment. Policymakers to restrict unplanned urban growth and to increase tree planting in the built-up areas.

scholarly journals Green roofs and cool materials as retrofitting strategies for urban heat island mitigation: Case study in Belgrade, Serbia

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (6 Part A) ◽  
pp. 2309-2324
Author(s):  
Marija Lalosevic ◽  
Mirko Komatina ◽  
Marko Milos ◽  
Nedzad Rudonja
Keyword(s):  
Green Roofs ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Microclimatic Conditions ◽  
Typical Summer ◽  
Planning And Construction ◽  
The Impact

The effect of extensive and intensive green roofs on improving outdoor microclimate parameters of urban built environments is currently a worldwide focus of research. Due to the lack of reliable data for Belgrade, the impact of extensive and intensive green roof systems on mitigating the effects of urban heat islands and improving microclimatic conditions by utilizing high albedo materials in public spaces were studied. Research was conducted on four chosen urban units within existing residential blocks in the city that were representative of typical urban planning and construction within the Belgrade metropolitan area. Five different models (baseline model and four potential models of retrofitting) were designed, for which the temperature changes at pedestrian and roof levels at 07:00, 13:00, 19:00 h, on a typical summer day, and at 01:00 h, the following night in Belgrade were investigated. The ENVI-met software was used to model the simulations. The results of numerical modeling showed that utilizing green roofs in the Belgrade climatic area could reduce air temperatures in the surroundings up to 0.47, 1.51, 1.60, 1.80 ?C at pedestrian level and up to 0.53, 1.45, 0.90, 1.45 ?C at roof level for four potential retrofitting strategies, respectively.

EVALUATION OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS AFTER TWO ROUNDS OF MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN LAU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF TARABA STATE NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-519
Author(s):  
D. E. Akafyi ◽  
I. S. Ndams ◽  
S. A. Luka ◽  
F. S. Ojeleye ◽  
S. O. Elkanah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Filarial Antigen ◽  
Physical Examinations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Card Test

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) on Wuchereria bancrofti (microfilariae) after two rounds of combined Ivermectin and Albendazole distribution. A total of 221 participants were recruited in three communities in Lau Local Government Area of Taraba State by convenience sampling method. Questionnaires and physical examinations were used to assess clinical manifestations associated with the infection. Blood samples were collected by finger prick method and stained with Giemsa stain for examination to establish the presence of W. bancrofti while immunochromatographic card test was performed to determine the presence of filarial antigen in serum. Previous data were used to determine the pre-drug prevalence of the parasite. The results showed that the drug did not significantly reduce the clinical manifestations reported among the patients. The microfilariae prevalence and microfilaria mean density after two rounds of drug administration was 19.5% and 1.49%, while the pre- MDA prevalence and microfilaria mean density was 27.8% and 2.44% respectively. There was a statistically significant decrease of microfilaria prevalence (P<0.05) after two rounds of MDA. There was no significant effect of MDA by age, sex and occupation-related microfilariae prevalence in the study area.  In conclusion, the study reveals that microfilaria prevalence and load decreased after two rounds of MDA of combined Ivermectin and Albendazole distribution amongst the studied populations. Routine evaluation of the MDA is required to assess the impact of the drug for the eventual elimination of the infection.

Urban Heat Management in Louisville, Kentucky: A Framework for Climate Adaptation Planning

2019 ◽  
pp. 0739456X1987921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Stone ◽  
Kevin Lanza ◽  
Evan Mallen ◽  
Jason Vargo ◽  
Armistead Russell
Keyword(s):  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Heat Management ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Related Mortality

We explore the potential for cities to develop urban heat management plans to moderate rising temperatures and to lessen the impact of extreme heat on human health. Specifically, we model the impacts of heat management strategies, including tree planting and other green infrastructure, cool roofing and paving, and a reduction in waste heat emissions from buildings and vehicles, on estimated heat-related mortality across Louisville, Kentucky. Our assessment finds a combination of urban heat management strategies to lessen summer temperatures by as much as 10°F on hot days and to reduce estimated heat-related mortality by more than 20 percent.

scholarly journals Night Thermal Unmixing for the Study of Microscale Surface Urban Heat Islands with TRISHNA-Like Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Granero-Belinchon ◽  
Aurelie Michel ◽  
Jean-Pierre Lagouarde ◽  
Jose A. Sobrino ◽  
Xavier Briottet
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Urban Heat Islands ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Regression Kriging ◽  
Heat Islands ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Land Covers ◽  
The City

Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) at the surface and canopy levels are major issues in urban planification and development. For this reason, the comprehension and quantification of the influence that the different land-uses/land-covers have on UHIs is of particular importance. In order to perform a detailed thermal characterisation of the city, measures covering the whole scenario (city and surroundings) and with a recurrent revisit are needed. In addition, a resolution of tens of meters is needed to characterise the urban heterogeneities. Spaceborne remote sensing meets the first and the second requirements but the Land Surface Temperature (LST) resolutions remain too rough compared to the urban object scale. Thermal unmixing techniques have been developed in recent years, allowing LST images during day at the desired scales. However, while LST gives information of surface urban heat islands (SUHIs), canopy UHIs and SUHIs are more correlated during the night, hence the development of thermal unmixing methods for night LSTs is necessary. This article proposes to adapt four empirical unmixing methods of the literature, Disaggregation of radiometric surface Temperature (DisTrad), High-resolution Urban Thermal Sharpener (HUTS), Area-To-Point Regression Kriging (ATPRK), and Adaptive Area-To-Point Regression Kriging (AATPRK), to unmix night LSTs. These methods are based on given relationships between LST and reflective indices, and on invariance hypotheses of these relationships across resolutions. Then, a comparative study of the performances of the different techniques is carried out on TRISHNA synthesized images of Madrid. Since TRISHNA is a mission in preparation, the synthesis of the images has been done according to the planned specification of the satellite and from initial Aircraft Hyperspectral Scanner (AHS) data of the city obtained during the DESIREX 2008 capaign. Thus, the coarse initial resolution is 60 m and the finer post-unmixing one is 20 m. In this article, we show that: (1) AATPRK is the most performant unmixing technique when applied on night LST, with the other three techniques being undesirable for night applications at TRISHNA resolutions. This can be explained by the local application of AATPRK. (2) ATPRK and DisTrad do not improve significantly the LST image resolution. (3) HUTS, which depends on albedo measures, misestimates the LST, leading to the worst temperature unmixing. (4) The two main factors explaining the obtained performances are the local/global application of the method and the reflective indices used in the LST-index relationship.

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