The Effect of Socio-Economic & Demographic Determinants on Children's Solid Food-Intake in India: A Study Based on NFHS-4

As nutrition is very critical and its access helps in the improvement of health and creates overall development, it is very vital for the children at their initial stages. In these period of rapid growth, India is still witnessing a huge discrimination regarding the children's solid food intake.<div>This paper seeks to find out the extent of these supplemental food inequality among children aged 6 to 59 months of age using the National Family Health Survey, round 4 data.</div><div>The results are very much evident to show the inequality among female children, along with discontinued breastfeeding. </div>

The Effect of Socio-Economic & Demographic Determinants on Children's Solid Food-Intake in India: A Study Based on NFHS-4

As nutrition is very critical and its access helps in the improvement of health and creates overall development, it is very vital for the children at their initial stages. In these period of rapid growth, India is still witnessing a huge discrimination regarding the children's solid food intake.<div>This paper seeks to find out the extent of these supplemental food inequality among children aged 6 to 59 months of age using the National Family Health Survey, round 4 data.</div><div>The results are very much evident to show the inequality among female children, along with discontinued breastfeeding. </div>

Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Illnesses caused by human pinworm remains a pediatric health problem in developing nations including Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in school children of four districts in Malakand region, Pakistan. Four hundred faecal specimens were screened from May 2014 to July 2017 using normal saline and Lugol Iodine solution. Twenty three (5.75%) individuals were found infected with E. vermicularis. Five children (1.25%) were infected with only E. vermicularis and eighteen (4.5%) were mixed with other helminths. E. vermicularis 23 (5.75%), hookworm 11 (2.75%), Ascaris lumbricoides 5 (1.25%), Taenia saginata 2 (0.5%) and Trichuris trichuira 4 (1%) were detected. Age wise 5-8 years were more parasitized followed by 13-15 and 9-12 years of age (0.0296, P<0.05). Male children were highly (0.06700, P<0.05) infected than female. Children in Malakand district were found more infected followed by Dir Upper, similar infection rate was noted in children of districts Lower Dir and Swat (0.0192, P<0.05). Children in primary level were highly (0.0013, P<0.05) infected than those of middle and high levels. Enterobiosis is still the most common parasitic diseases in children. Studies on enterobiosis should be conducted time by time to recognize the hazardous of such parasitic infection in remote areas of the country.

Parental Height and Weight Influence Offspring Adiposity at 2 Years; Findings from the ROLO Kids Birth Cohort Study

Objective The perinatal period and in utero environment are important for fetal growth, development, and fetal programming. This study aimed to determine the effect of parental anthropometry and the maternal metabolic milieu on offspring adiposity at 2 years of age. Study Design This longitudinal birth cohort includes analysis of maternal (n = 337) and paternal (n = 219) anthropometry and maternal and fetal metabolic markers (n = 337), including glucose, homeostatic model of assessment (HOMA), C-peptide, and leptin from participants of the ROLO (the Randomized Control Trial of Low) pregnancy study, and their partners, to determine an association with offspring anthropometry at two years of age. Results Linear regression, when adjusted for confounders, indicated maternal and paternal anthropometry and was associated with offspring weight and length at 2 years of age. Maternal height was negatively associated with general adiposity in the total cohort of children (p = 0.002) and in female children (p = 0.006) and central adiposity in the total child cohort (p < 0.001). Paternal height was also negatively associated with general adiposity in all children (p = 0.002) and central adiposity in total (p = 0.023) and female children (p = 0.008). Maternal glucose, insulin resistance, and fetal C-peptide positively correlated with anthropometry in total, male, and female children. Conclusion Parental anthropometry in the perinatal period has a long-lasting effect on offspring anthropometry beyond the neonatal period. Maternal and fetal metabolic factors influence adiposity, and this extends beyond the perinatal period. Parental adiposity may play a significant role in early childhood adiposity and may be a target for interventions to decrease the risk of early childhood obesity. Key Points

East-Greenland traditional nutrition: a reanalysis of the Høygaard et al. nutritional data (1936-1937)

Greenlandic traditional nutrition was unique in the arctic environment. The aim of the present study was to reanalyze the Høygaard et al. data, focusing on two micronutrients object of discussion, i.e., calcium and vitamin C. Høygaard et al. left Copenhagen in August 1936, and stayed in East-Greenland until August 1937. The members of the expedition recorded nutritional intake whilst residing in families. However, the nutritional intake was analyzed on a household level. In total 35 adults and 41 children participated. Median total energy expenditure in kcal.d−1 was estimated at 2978 and 2627 for male and female adults respectively, and 1997 for children and adolescents. Median (IQR) energy consumption in kcal.d−1 was 3881 (1568) for male and 2910 (882) for female adults. This was 2442 (857) and 2023 (1122) for male and female children and adolescents. Median (IQR) calcium intake in mg.d−1 was 555 (1110) for male and 484 (883) for female adults. This was 458 (747) and 358 (838) for male and female children and adolescents. Median (IQR) vitamin C intake in mg.d−1 was 79 (77) for male and 59 (56) for female adults. This was 44 (47) and 60 (52) for male and female children and adolescents. In this study, the importance of traditional foods in reaching an acceptable energy balance was emphasized, together with the confirmation of a low calcium intake in East-Greenland traditional dietary pattern, and the important role of algae consumption in Inuit traditional dietary pattern to avoid scurvy.

Trends of overweight and obesity among preschool children from 2013 to 2018: A cross-sectional study in Rhine-Neckar County and the City of Heidelberg, Germany

BackgroundEarly childhood overweight and obesity is a growing public health concern worldwide. Few recent studies have addressed how time trends varied by sociodemographic characteristics at the regional level using large and high-quality data. This study aims to determine how time trends vary in the prevalence of early childhood overweight and obesity by age, gender, and migration background at the regional level.MethodsWe described the distribution change in the BMI with a Kernel-density curve, and evaluated the trends of overweight and obesity by age, gender, and migration background using logistic regression.ResultsMean BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased among preschool children aged 4-6 years in the Rhine-Neckar County and the City of Heidelberg. After adjusting for age, gender, and migration background, trends in the prevelance of overweight significantly increased only among male children in the age 5 year group with migration background (P < 0.05), and an upward trend of obesity was observed only among male children in the age 5 year group and female children in the age 6 year group with migration background (P < 0.05).ConclusionsBMI distribution as well as general prevalence of overweight and obesity are still increasing among preschool children. Children with migration backgrounds, particularly male children in the age 5 year groups and female children in the age 6 year group should be prioritized. More prevention policies should be targeted towards vulnerable groups.

A DESCRIPTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY TO ASSESS PREVALENCE OF MAL-NUTRITION IN CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS AGE IN RURAL COMMUNITY BIKANER, RAJASTHAN

Background: Malnutrition among children below five years continues to be one of India major human development challenges. In spite of tremendous economic progress made in the last two to three decades. Methods: The study was cross-sectional hospital based study. Under five year children with sample size of 500 was taken for study. Results: All three parameters of malnutrition i.e. wasting, underweight and stunting were more common in males than females. It was found thatthere was very significant and highly significant difference with regard to underweight and stunting respectively between male and female children but no significant gender difference was found for wasting Conclusions: Majority of under five children were malnourished and malnutrition common in males than females. Keywords: Malnutrition, Wasting, Stunting, Underweight, Children

Differences of anteroposterior facial dimensions in male and female children on intermediate mixed and early permanent dentition using Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Index

Introduction: Cervical vertebrae are one of the indicators for craniofacial bones maturation. Timing of craniofacial bone maturation determined achievement of orthodontic early treatment. Some previous researchers recommended cervical vertebral maturation to assess craniofacial growth. This study was aimed to analyse the differences of anteroposterior facial dimensions in male and female children on intermediate mixed and early permanent dentition using Cervical Vertebrae Maturation Index (CVMI). Methods: An analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on the students of Islamic Elementary School (Madrasah Ibtidaiyah) in Depok district, Sleman, Yogyakarta, from July 2019 to January 2020. Subjects consisted of 22 males and 22 females aged 8-11 years, obtained by a consecutive sampling technique. The anteroposterior facial analysis was performed on the lateral cephalometry for measuring the distance of Sella turcica to Nasion (S-N) representing the anterior cranial base, Posterior Nasal Spine to Anterior Nasal Spine (PNS-ANS) representing the maxilla and Gonion-Menton (Go-Me) and Condylion-Gnathion (Co-Gn) represents the mandible. Assessment of CVMI was decided by the Hassel and Farman methods. Data were analysed by One Way ANOVA. Results: The mean value of S-N, PNS-ANS, Go-Me, and Co-Gn dimensions, generally were higher in males than females; however, only dimensions of maxillary and mandibular were showed significant difference (p<0.05), while the S-N dimension was not significantly different (p>0.05). At the interval of CVMI 3 and 4, the Go-Me and Co-Gn dimensions showed a significant difference (p<0.05) both in males and females. Conclusion: There was a difference in anteroposterior dimensions of the maxillary and mandibular in cervical vertebral maturation in children with intermediate mixed and early permanent dentition, however, no difference was found in the anterior cranial base.