Lead Distribution in Ground-Level Atmospheric Aerosol of Zaporizhia City

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
V.O. YEMELIANOV ◽  
Ye.I. NASIEDKIN ◽  
A.V. SACHKO ◽  
I.V. KURAIEVA ◽  
T.O. KОSHLIAKOVA
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Open Hearth ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Element Distribution ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Integral Approach ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Component Distribution ◽  
Lead Distribution

The results of long-term observations on the geochemical peculiarities of technogenic lead distribution in atmospheric aerosol of Zaporizhia, as well as in soils, bottom sediments, suspended matter from Dnipro river and substance from wet gas filters of open-hearth furnaces PJSC Zaporizhstal are presented. The actual material was obtained on the basis of comprehensive field monitoring during 2015-2019. Simultaneous involvement of data on hydrometeorological conditions (seasonality, precipitation, wind speeds, directions and duration) in the study area provided a integral approach to the processing and generalization of research results. A number of peculiarities of sedimentary substance distribution in air, interrelations of its anthropogenic and natural components are defined. Correlations were revealed between lead concentrations changes and aeolian mineral component distribution, seasonality, and a number of other factors. The highest concentration of lead was found in solid aerosol particles accumulated by the sedimentary trap at the monitoring site. It was revealed that the average concentration of investigated element in river suspension of Dnipro exceeds significantly background values, and for soils exceeds more than 3.5 times the permissible norms. At the same time, the fixed form of lead in atmospheric aerosol, in contrast to other environmental objects, loses its domination, giving the way to easily soluble forms, so the evidence of environmental hazard. Monitoring of seasonal patterns of the element distribution in the city air showed excess concentrations in the cold period of the year, which, according to the authors, is due to both meteorological conditions and redistribution of natural and anthropogenic factors that serve the driving force in processes of arriving and conversion of lead in atmosphere during different seasons of the year.

Considerations on Ambient Levels of Ozone Concentrations and Relationship with NOx in an Urban Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 824-829
Author(s):  
Cornel Ianache ◽  
Laurentiu Predescu ◽  
Mirela Predescu ◽  
Dumitru Dumitru
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Weekend Effect ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Ground Level Ozone ◽  
Ozone Concentrations

The serious air pollution problem has determined public concerns, worldwide. One of the main challenges for countries all over the world is caused by the elevated levels of ground-level ozone (O3) concentrations and its anthropogenic precursors. Ploiesti city, as one of the major urban area of Romania, is facing the same situation. This research aims to investigate spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of O3 in relationship with nitrogen oxides (NOx) using statistical analysis methods. Hourly O3 and NOx measurements were collected during 2014 year in Ploiesti. The results obtained showed that the ozone spatial distribution was non-normal for each month in 2014. The diurnal cycle of ground-level ozone concentrations showed a mid-day peak, while NOx diurnal variations presented 2 daily peaks, one in the morning (7:00 a.m.) and one in the afternoon (between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m.). In addition, it was observed a distinct pattern of weekly variations for O3 and NOx. Like in many other urban areas, the results indicated the presence of the �ozone weekend effect� in Ploiesti during the 2014 year, ozone concentrations being slightly higher on weekends compared to weekdays. For the same monitoring site, the nitrogen oxides were less prevalent on Saturdays and Sundays, probably due to reducing of road traffic and other pollution-generating activities on weekends than during the week.

scholarly journals Source and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Soil–Ginger System in the Jing River Basin of Shandong Province, North China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6749
Author(s):  
Songtao Wang ◽  
Zongjun Gao ◽  
Yuqi Zhang ◽  
Hairui Zhang ◽  
Zhen Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Profile ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Cr Content

This study investigated the characteristics and sources of heavy metals in a soil–ginger system and assessed their health risks. To this end, 321 topsoil samples and eight soil samples from a soil profile, and 18 ginger samples with root–soil were collected from a ginger-planting area in the Jing River Basin. The average concentration of heavy metals in the topsoil followed the order: Cr > Zn > Pb > Ni > Cu > As > Cd > Hg. In the soil profile, at depths greater than 80 cm, the contents of Cr, Ni, and Zn tended to increase with depth, which may be related to the parent materials, whereas As and Cu contents showed little change. In contrast, Pb content decreased sharply from top to bottom, which may be attributable to external environmental and anthropogenic factors. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd contents in soil are affected by natural sources, Pb and As contents are significantly affected by human activities, and Hg content is affected by farmland irrigation. Combined results of the single pollution index (Pi), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and potential ecological risk assessment (Ei and RI) suggest that soil in the study area is generally not polluted by heavy metals. In ginger, Zn content was the highest (2.36 mg/kg) and Hg content was the lowest (0.0015 mg/kg). Based on the bioconcentration factor, Cd and Zn have high potential for enrichment in ginger. With reference to the limit of heavy metals in tubers, Cr content in ginger exceeds the standard in the study area. Although Cr does not accumulate in ginger, Cr enrichment in soil significantly increases the risk of excessive Cr content in ginger.

scholarly journals Analysis of the distributions of hourly NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations contributing to annual average NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations across the European monitoring network between 2000 and 2014

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher S. Malley ◽  
Erika von Schneidemesser ◽  
Sarah Moller ◽  
Christine F. Braban ◽  
W. Kevin Hicks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Annual Average ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Annual Average Concentration ◽  
Standard Set ◽  
Human Health Effects

Abstract. Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is associated with negative human health effects, both for short-term peak concentrations and from long-term exposure to a wider range of NO2 concentrations. For the latter, the European Union has established an air quality limit value of 40 µg m−3 as an annual average. However, factors such as proximity and strength of local emissions, atmospheric chemistry and meteorological conditions means that there is substantial variation in the hourly NO2 concentrations contributing to an annual average concentration. The aim of this analysis was to quantify the nature of this variation at thousands of monitoring sites across Europe through the calculation of a standard set of chemical climatology statistics. Specifically, at each monitoring site that satisfied data capture criteria for inclusion in this analysis, annual NO2 concentrations, as well as the percentage contribution from each month, hour of the day, and hourly NO2 concentrations divided into 5 µg m−3 bins were calculated. Across Europe, 2010–2014 average annual NO2 concentrations (NO2AA) exceeded the annual NO2 limit value at 8 % of > 2500 monitoring sites. The application of this chemical climatology approach showed that sites with distinct monthly, hour of day, and hourly NO2 concentration bin contributions to NO2AA were not grouped in specific regions of Europe, and within relatively small geographic regions there were sites with similar NO2AA, but with differences in these contributions. Specifically, at sites with highest NO2AA, there were generally similar contributions from across the year, but there were also differences in the contribution of peak vs moderate hourly NO2 concentrations to NO2AA, and from different hours across the day. Trends between 2000 and 2014 for 259 sites indicate that, in general, the contribution to NO2AA from winter months has increased, as has the contribution from the rush-hour periods of the day, while the contribution from peak hourly NO2 concentrations has decreased. The variety of monthly, hour of day and hourly NO2 contribution bin contributions to NO2AA, across cities, countries and regions of Europe indicate that within relatively small geographic areas different interactions between emissions, atmospheric chemistry and meteorology produce variation in NO2AA and the conditions that produce it. Therefore, measures implemented to reduce NO2AA in one location may not be as effective in others. The development of strategies to reduce NO2AA for an area should consider i) the variation in monthly, hour of day and hourly NO2 concentration bin contributions to NO2AA within that area, and ii) how specific mitigation actions will affect variability in hourly NO2 concentrations.

scholarly journals Intercomparison study of atmospheric <sup>222</sup>Rn and <sup>222</sup>Rn progeny monitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2241-2255
Author(s):  
Claudia Grossi ◽  
Scott D. Chambers ◽  
Olivier Llido ◽  
Felix R. Vogel ◽  
Victor Kazan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Intercomparison Study ◽  
Atmospheric Radon

Abstract. The use of the noble gas radon (222Rn) as a tracer for different research studies, for example observation-based estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, has led to the need of high-quality 222Rn activity concentration observations with high spatial and temporal resolution. So far a robust metrology chain for these measurements is not yet available. A portable direct atmospheric radon monitor (ARMON), based on electrostatic collection of 218Po, is now running at Spanish stations. This monitor has not yet been compared with other 222Rn and 222Rn progeny monitors commonly used at atmospheric stations. A 3-month intercomparison campaign of atmospheric 222Rn and 222Rn progeny monitors based on different measurement techniques was realized during the fall and winter of 2016–2017 to evaluate (i) calibration and correction factors between monitors necessary to harmonize the atmospheric radon observations and (ii) the dependence of each monitor's response in relation to the sampling height and meteorological and atmospheric aerosol conditions. Results of this study have shown the following. (i) All monitors were able to reproduce the atmospheric radon variability on a daily basis. (ii) Linear regression fits between the monitors exhibited slopes, representing the correction factors, between 0.62 and 1.17 and offsets ranging between −0.85 and −0.23 Bq m−3 when sampling 2 m above ground level (a.g.l.). Corresponding results at 100 m a.g.l. exhibited slopes of 0.94 and 1.03 with offsets of −0.13 and 0.01 Bq m−3, respectively. (iii) No influence of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity on monitor responses was observed for unsaturated conditions at 100 m a.g.l., whereas slight influences (order of 10−2) of ambient temperature were observed at 2 m a.g.l. (iv) Changes in the ratio between 222Rn progeny and 222Rn monitor responses were observed under very low atmospheric aerosol concentrations. Results also show that the new ARMON could be useful at atmospheric radon monitoring stations with space restrictions or as a mobile reference instrument to calibrate in situ 222Rn progeny monitors and fixed radon monitors. In the near future a long-term comparison study between ARMON, HRM, and ANSTO monitors would be useful to better evaluate (i) the uncertainties of radon measurements in the range of a few hundred millibecquerels per cubic meter to a few becquerels per cubic meter and (ii) the response time correction of the ANSTO monitor for representing fast changes in the ambient radon concentrations.

scholarly journals Atmospheric sub-3 nm particles at high altitudes

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 19435-19470 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mirme ◽  
A. Mirme ◽  
A. Minikin ◽  
A. Petzold ◽  
U. Hõrrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Atmospheric Particles ◽  
Aerosol Formation ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Ion Clusters ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters

Abstract. Formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles is known to occur almost all over the world and the importance of these particles to climate and air quality has been recognized. Recently, it was found that atmospheric aerosol formation begins at particle diameter of around 1.5–2.0 nm and a pool of sub-3 nm atmospheric particles – consisting of both charged and uncharged ones – was observed at the ground level. Here, we report on the first airborne observations of the pool of sub-3 nm neutral atmospheric particles. Between 2 and 3 nm, their concentration is roughly two orders of magnitude larger than that of the ion clusters, depending slightly on the altitude. Our findings indicate that new particle formation takes place actively throughout the tropospheric column up to the tropopause. Particles were found to be formed via neutral pathways in the boundary layer, and there was no sign of an increasing role by ion-induced nucleation toward the upper troposphere. Clouds, while acting as a source of sub-10 nm ions, did not perturb the overall budget of atmospheric clusters or particles.

scholarly journals Inter-comparison study of atmospheric <sup>222</sup>Rn and <sup>222</sup>Rn progeny monitors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Grossi ◽  
Olivier Llido ◽  
Felix R. Vogel ◽  
Victor Kazan ◽  
Alessandro Capuana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Radon Monitor ◽  
Radon Variability ◽  
Atmospheric Radon

Abstract. The use of the noble gas radon (222Rn) as tracer for different research studies, for example observation-based estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, has led to the need of high-quality 222Rn activity concentration observations with high spatial and temporal resolution. So far a robust metrology chain for these measurements is not yet available. A 3-month inter-comparison campaign of atmospheric 222Rn and 222Rn progeny monitors based on different measurement techniques was realized during the fall and winter of 2016-2017 to evaluate: i) calibration and correction factors between monitors necessary to harmonize the atmospheric radon observations; and ii) the dependence of each monitor’s response in relation to the sampling height, meteorological and atmospheric aerosol conditions. Results of this study have shown that: i) all monitors were able to reproduce the atmospheric radon variability on daily basis; ii) linear regression fits between the monitors exhibited slopes between 0.62 and 1.17 and offsets ranging between −0.85 Bq m−3 and −0.23 Bq m−3 when sampling 2 m above ground level (a.g.l.). Corresponding results at 100 m a.g.l. exhibited slopes of 0.94 and 1.03 with offsets of −0.13 Bq m−3 and 0.01 Bq m−3, respectively; iii) no influence of atmospheric temperature and relative humidity on monitor responses was observed for unsaturated conditions; and iv) changes of the ratio between radon progeny and radon monitor responses were observed under very high atmospheric humidity and under very low atmospheric aerosol concentrations. However, a more statistically robust evaluation of these last influences based on a longer dataset should be conducted to improve the harmonization of the data.

Mercury background monitoring in the Lake Baikal region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidel Pankratov ◽  
Alexander Mahura ◽  
Valentin Popov ◽  
Vladimir Masloboev
Keyword(s):  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Baikal Region ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Lake Baikal Region ◽  
Mercury Analyzer

&lt;p&gt;During 2013-2015 the gaseous elemental mercury (thereafter, mercury) measurements were carried out at two weather monitoring stations/sites (Listvyanka &amp;#8211; from 25 July until 19 November 2013 and Tankhoj &amp;#8211; from 27 July 2014 until 11 January 2015). The mercury analyzer Lumex RA-915AM was used for measurements. Although in the Northern Hemisphere the minimal average mercury concentration is about 1.5 ng m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;, the obtained results indicated that in the southern part of the Lake Baikal the lowest average concentration was about 1.18 ng m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;. Thus, the natural reserve territory of the Lake Baikal can be used as the main region to the background level of especially clean areas for monitoring heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For the Listvyanka measurements, the mercury analyzer was installed at 20 m distance from a shore of the lake. During July-November 2013, the average concentration value was about 1.41&amp;#177;0.37 ng m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; (with max - 4.81, min - 0.16). For the July-August period, the maximum variance distribution was estimates as 0.62 ng m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;. For the August-November period, the variance did not exceed the value of 0.38 ng m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;. Mercury from the atmosphere is deposited on the underlying surface, and with increasing intensity of total solar radiation the re-emission of mercury occurred resulting in increased concentrations of mercury at Listvyanka. A rather low mercury values were recorded during October-November 2013. Analysis of atmospheric transport during summer showed, that main sources of pollution are situated to the west of the lake, and it is a relatively larger area in the southwestern sector, and therefore, it is complex to identify exact locations of such pollution sources.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For the Tankhoj site, in July 2014 the mercury analyzer was installed at about 100 m distance from a shore of the lake. It was for the first time, when the mercury monitoring was conducted for such long-term period of time in the Lake Baikal region. Note, that short-term measurements of mercury do not provide full understanding of the background level mercury and are insufficient to study dynamics. Analysis of obtained time-series showed that summer is characterized by a high variability of mercury (max - 2.86, min - 0.27, with an average 1.19&amp;#177;0.27 ng m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;). In particular, in July an average value of 1.18 ng m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; (max - 2.68, min - 0.43) was obtained, which corresponds to concentrations observed in the Northern Hemisphere. In August the average value of 1.22 ng m&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt; (max - 2.86, min - 0.27) was obtained.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, obtained results showed that location of the Tankhoj monitoring site can be used for long-term background monitoring of mercury.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Increasing Weekend Effect in Ground-Level O3 in Metropolitan Areas of Mexico during 1988–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván Hernández-Paniagua ◽  
Rodrigo Lopez-Farias ◽  
José Piña-Mondragón ◽  
Juan Pichardo-Corpus ◽  
Olivia Delgadillo-Ruiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Weekend Effect ◽  
Monitoring Site ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Increasing Trends

Here, we present an assessment of long-term trends in the O3 weekend effect (WE) occurrences and spread within the Mexico City (MCMA), Guadalajara (GMA), and Monterrey (MMA) metropolitan areas, which are the three largest metropolitan areas (MAs) of Mexico and concentrate around 33% of the total population in the country. Daytime averages and peak differences in O3 concentrations from weekdays to weekends were used as a proxy of WE occurrence. All MAs exhibited the occurrence of WE in all years at least in one monitoring site. Substantial differences in O3 daytime averages and peaks from weekdays to weekends have decreased over time in all MAs, and since 1998 and 2013 for the MCMA and GMA, respectively, higher O3 levels during weekends are typical during most of the year. The largest variations in the O3 WE were observed at downwind and urban core sites of the MCMA and GMA. Significant increasing trends (p < 0.05) in the O3 WE magnitude were observed for Sundays at all sites within the MCMA, with trends in annual averages ranging between 0.33 and 1.29 ppb O3 yr−1. Within the GMA, for Sundays, fewer sites exhibited increasing trends in the WE occurrence and at lower growth rates (0.32 and 0.48 ppb yr−1, p < 0.1) than within the MCMA, while within the MMA no apparent trends were observed in marked contrast with the MCMA and GMA. Our findings suggest that policies implemented have been successful in controlling weekday ground-level O3 within the MCMA and GMA, but further actions must be introduced to control the increases in the O3 WE magnitude and spread.

scholarly journals Atmospheric sub-3 nm particles at high altitudes

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mirme ◽  
A. Mirme ◽  
A. Minikin ◽  
A. Petzold ◽  
U. Hõrrak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Aerosol ◽  
Aerosol Particles ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Atmospheric Particles ◽  
Upper Troposphere ◽  
Ion Clusters ◽  
The World ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Atmospheric Clusters

Abstract. Formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles is known to occur almost all over the world and the importance of these particles to climate and air quality has been recognized. Recently, it was found that atmospheric aerosol particle formation begins at the diameter of around 1.5–2.0 nm and a pool of sub-3 nm atmospheric particles – consisting of both charged and uncharged ones – was observed at the ground level. Here, we report on the first airborne observations of the pool of sub-3 nm neutral atmospheric particles. Between 2 and 3 nm, their concentration is roughly two orders of magnitude larger than that of the ion clusters, depending slightly on the altitude. Our findings indicate that new particle formation takes place throughout the tropospheric column up to the tropopause. Particles were found to be formed via neutral pathways in the boundary layer, and there was no sign of an increasing role by ion-induced nucleation toward the upper troposphere. Clouds, while acting as a source of sub-10 nm ions, did not perturb the overall budget of atmospheric clusters or particles.

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