Arboviruses (Including California Serogroup, Chikungunya, Colorado Tick Fever, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis, Powassan, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, Western Equine Encephalitis, and Yellow Fever Viruses)

2016 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
California Serogroup ◽  
Western Equine Encephalitis

scholarly journals Surveillance of arbovirus infections in the atlantic forest region, State of São Paulo, Brazil: I. detection of hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies in wild birds between 1978 and 1990

1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivani B. Ferreira ◽  
Luiz E. Pereira ◽  
Iray M. Rocco ◽  
Antonia T. Marti ◽  
Luiza T. M. de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Hemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Positive Serology ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Forest Region ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Western Equine Encephalitis

We report data related to arbovirus antibodies detected in wild birds periodically captured from January 1978 to December 1990 in the counties of Salesópolis (Casa Grande Station), Itapetininga and Ribeira Valley, considering the different capture environments. Plasmas were examined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests. Only monotypic reactions were considered, except for two heterotypic reactions in which a significant difference in titer was observed for a determined virus of the same antigenic group. Among a total of 39,911 birds, 269 birds (0.7%) belonging to 66 species and 22 families were found to have a monotypic reaction for Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE), Western equine encephalitis (WEE), Ilheus (ILH), Rocio (ROC), St. Louis encephalitis (SLE), SP An 71686, or Caraparu (CAR) viruses. Analysis of the data provided information of epidemiologic interest with respect to these agents. Birds with positive serology were distributed among different habitats, with a predominance of unforested habitats. The greatest diversity of positive reactions was observed among species which concentrate in culture fields.

scholarly journals The complex relationship between the emerging flaviviruses: dengue and Zika

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Jie Alvin Tan ◽  
Michael W. Gaunt ◽  
Martin L. Hibberd ◽  
Nicholas Furnham
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Many flaviviruses cause important and serious human diseases, including yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Two further flaviviruses, the closely related dengue and Zika virus, have emerged as significant threats to global health with their potential to inflict severe disease to millions of people. Here, we look at some of the molecular similarities and differences between these two emerging diseases, as this is key to the development of novel preventions and therapeutics.

Are all vaccines safe for the pregnant traveller? A systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roni Nasser ◽  
Stav Rakedzon ◽  
Yaakov Dickstein ◽  
Amjad Mousa ◽  
Ido Solt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Meningococcal Vaccines ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis

Abstract Pregnant travellers and their offspring are vulnerable to severe outcomes following a wide range of infections. Vaccine-preventable diseases can have a particularly severe course in pregnant women, but little is known about the safety of travel vaccines in pregnant women. We performed a systematic review of all published literature concerning the safety of vaccines frequently given to travellers such as yellow fever, MMR (mumps, measles and rubella), influenza, Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria and pertussis), meningococcus, hepatitis A and B, rabies, polio, typhoid fever, tick-borne encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis vaccines. We included case series, cohort studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). For the meta-analysis, we included only RCTs that compared the administration of a vaccine to placebo or to no vaccine. Outcome measures included severe systemic adverse events, maternal outcomes related to the course of pregnancy, neonatal outcomes and local adverse events. We calculated the risk ratio and its 95% confidence interval as the summary measure. The safety of influenza vaccine is supported by high-quality evidence. For Tdap vaccine, no evidence of any harm was found in the meta-analysis of RCTs. A slight increase in chorioamnionitis rate was reported in 3 out of 12 observational studies. However, this small possible risk is far outweighed by a much larger benefit in terms of infant morbidity and mortality. Meningococcal vaccines are probably safe during pregnancy, as supported by RCTs comparing meningococcal vaccines to other vaccines. Data from observational studies support the safety of hepatitis A, hepatitis B and rabies vaccines, as well as that of the live attenuated yellow fever vaccine. We found little or no data about the safety of polio, typhoid, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis and MMR vaccines during pregnancy.

scholarly journals Imported Arbovirus Infections in Canada 1974-89

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Artsob ◽  
Leslie Spence
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Western Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Imported Infections

From 1974 to 1989, sera from symptomatic patients with histories of recent travel outside Canada were tested for antibodies to several arboviruses, principally of the alphavirus and flavivirus families. Diagnostic seroconversions were documented in 84 individuals from six provinces, including one alphavirus (Chikungunya) and 83 flavivirus seroconvertors. Dengue 1 virus was isolated from the blood of one patient. Most flavivirus seroconvertors were likely infected with dengue virus, but infections with tick-borne encephalitis, St Louis encephalitis and Powassan viruses were also recognized. Patients had histories of recent travel to the Caribbean, South America, Asia, Africa, North America (outside Canada), Tahiti, Fiji and Europe. Possible imported infections due to Japanese encephalitis, Ross River, western equine encephalitis and Colorado tick fever viruses were also encountered.

scholarly journals Specificities of Human CD4+T Cell Responses to an Inactivated Flavivirus Vaccine and Infection: Correlation with Structure and Epitope Prediction

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (14) ◽  
pp. 7828-7842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schwaiger ◽  
Judith H. Aberle ◽  
Karin Stiasny ◽  
Bernhard Knapp ◽  
Wolfgang Schreiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis

ABSTRACTTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is endemic in large parts of Europe and Central and Eastern Asia and causes more than 10,000 annual cases of neurological disease in humans. It is closely related to the mosquito-borne yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses, and vaccination with an inactivated whole-virus vaccine can effectively prevent clinical disease. Neutralizing antibodies are directed to the viral envelope protein (E) and an accepted correlate of immunity. However, data on the specificities of CD4+T cells that recognize epitopes in the viral structural proteins and thus can provide direct help to the B cells producing E-specific antibodies are lacking. We therefore conducted a study on the CD4+T cell response against the virion proteins in vaccinated people in comparison to TBE patients. The data obtained with overlapping peptides in interleukin-2 (IL-2) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays were analyzed in relation to the three-dimensional structures of the capsid (C) and E proteins as well as to epitope predictions based on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II peptide affinities. In the C protein, peptides corresponding to two out of four alpha helices dominated the response in both vaccinees and patients, whereas in the E protein concordance of immunodominance was restricted to peptides of a single domain (domain III). Epitope predictions were much better for C than for E and were especially erroneous for the transmembrane regions. Our data provide evidence for a strong impact of protein structural features that influence peptide processing, contributing to the discrepancies observed between experimentally determined and computer-predicted CD4+T cell epitopes.IMPORTANCETick-borne encephalitis virus is endemic in large parts of Europe and Asia and causes more than 10,000 annual cases of neurological disease in humans. It is closely related to yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses, and vaccination with an inactivated vaccine can effectively prevent disease. Both vaccination and natural infection induce the formation of antibodies to a viral surface protein that neutralize the infectivity of the virus and mediate protection. B lymphocytes synthesizing these antibodies require help from other lymphocytes (helper T cells) which recognize small peptides derived from proteins contained in the viral particle. Which of these peptides dominate immune responses to vaccination and infection, however, was unknown. In our study we demonstrate which parts of the proteins contribute most strongly to the helper T cell response, highlight specific weaknesses of currently available approaches for their prediction, and demonstrate similarities and differences between vaccination and infection.

scholarly journals Emergent arboviruses in Brazil

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tropical Country ◽  
Eastern Equine Encephalitis ◽  
Saint Louis ◽  
Saint Louis Encephalitis

Brazil is a large tropical country (8,514,215km²) with 185,360,000 inhabitants. More than one third of its territory is covered by tropical forests or other natural ecosystems. These provide ideal conditions for the existence of many arboviruses, which are maintained in a large variety of zoonotic cycles. The risk that new arboviruses might emerge in Brazil is related to the existence of large, densely populated cities that are infested by mosquitoes such as Culex and the highly anthropophilic Aedes aegypti. Infected humans or animals may come into these cities from ecological-epidemiological settings where arbovirus zoonoses occur. This study analyzes the risk of emergence of the alphaviruses Mayaro, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis and Chikungunya; the flaviviruses yellow fever, Rocio, Saint Louis encephalitis and West Nile; and the orthobunyavirus Oropouche.

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