scholarly journals The complex relationship between the emerging flaviviruses: dengue and Zika

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Jie Alvin Tan ◽  
Michael W. Gaunt ◽  
Martin L. Hibberd ◽  
Nicholas Furnham
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Many flaviviruses cause important and serious human diseases, including yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Two further flaviviruses, the closely related dengue and Zika virus, have emerged as significant threats to global health with their potential to inflict severe disease to millions of people. Here, we look at some of the molecular similarities and differences between these two emerging diseases, as this is key to the development of novel preventions and therapeutics.

scholarly journals Global emergence of Zika virus

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Richard Tjan
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Sentinel Animals

Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae), which includes dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses. Zika virus was isolated in 1947, in the Zika forest near Kampala, Uganda, from one of the rhesus monkeys used as sentinel animals in a yellow fever research program.

scholarly journals Specificities of Human CD4+T Cell Responses to an Inactivated Flavivirus Vaccine and Infection: Correlation with Structure and Epitope Prediction

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (14) ◽  
pp. 7828-7842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Schwaiger ◽  
Judith H. Aberle ◽  
Karin Stiasny ◽  
Bernhard Knapp ◽  
Wolfgang Schreiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Cell Response ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
T Cell Response ◽  
Viral Envelope ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis

ABSTRACTTick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is endemic in large parts of Europe and Central and Eastern Asia and causes more than 10,000 annual cases of neurological disease in humans. It is closely related to the mosquito-borne yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses, and vaccination with an inactivated whole-virus vaccine can effectively prevent clinical disease. Neutralizing antibodies are directed to the viral envelope protein (E) and an accepted correlate of immunity. However, data on the specificities of CD4+T cells that recognize epitopes in the viral structural proteins and thus can provide direct help to the B cells producing E-specific antibodies are lacking. We therefore conducted a study on the CD4+T cell response against the virion proteins in vaccinated people in comparison to TBE patients. The data obtained with overlapping peptides in interleukin-2 (IL-2) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays were analyzed in relation to the three-dimensional structures of the capsid (C) and E proteins as well as to epitope predictions based on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II peptide affinities. In the C protein, peptides corresponding to two out of four alpha helices dominated the response in both vaccinees and patients, whereas in the E protein concordance of immunodominance was restricted to peptides of a single domain (domain III). Epitope predictions were much better for C than for E and were especially erroneous for the transmembrane regions. Our data provide evidence for a strong impact of protein structural features that influence peptide processing, contributing to the discrepancies observed between experimentally determined and computer-predicted CD4+T cell epitopes.IMPORTANCETick-borne encephalitis virus is endemic in large parts of Europe and Asia and causes more than 10,000 annual cases of neurological disease in humans. It is closely related to yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses, and vaccination with an inactivated vaccine can effectively prevent disease. Both vaccination and natural infection induce the formation of antibodies to a viral surface protein that neutralize the infectivity of the virus and mediate protection. B lymphocytes synthesizing these antibodies require help from other lymphocytes (helper T cells) which recognize small peptides derived from proteins contained in the viral particle. Which of these peptides dominate immune responses to vaccination and infection, however, was unknown. In our study we demonstrate which parts of the proteins contribute most strongly to the helper T cell response, highlight specific weaknesses of currently available approaches for their prediction, and demonstrate similarities and differences between vaccination and infection.

Flaviviruses excluding dengue

2020 ◽  
pp. 830-845
Author(s):  
Shannan Lee Rossi ◽  
Nikos Vasilakis
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
West Nile ◽  
The Family ◽  
Large Host

The family Flaviviridae currently consists of four recognized genera: Flavivirus, Pestivirus, Hepacivirus, and Pegivirus. Although members of the family have a large host range that includes both vertebrates and invertebrates, only members of the genus Flavivirus are known as arboviruses, vectored either by mosquitoes or ticks. The remaining genera in the family are exclusively found in mammals, and their diversity has greatly expanded with recent virus discoveries. The genus Flavivirus comprises 92 virus species, of which over 40 can cause human infection. Many of these include important human pathogens such as Zika, dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis virus.

Simultaneous detection of Dengue virus, Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, Yellow fever virus and West Nile virus

2019 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 53-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
José A. Boga ◽  
Marta E. Alvarez-Arguelles ◽  
Susana Rojo-Alba ◽  
Mercedes Rodríguez ◽  
María de Oña ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Virus Zika

scholarly journals Immunization with Immune Complexes Modulates the Fine Specificity of Antibody Responses to a Flavivirus Antigen

2015 ◽  
Vol 89 (15) ◽  
pp. 7970-7978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgios Tsouchnikas ◽  
Juergen Zlatkovic ◽  
Johanna Jarmer ◽  
Judith Strauß ◽  
Oksana Vratskikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Fine Specificity ◽  
E Protein ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Tbe Virus

ABSTRACTThe antibody response to proteins may be modulated by the presence of preexisting antigen-specific antibodies and the formation of immune complexes (ICs). Effects such as a general increase or decrease of the response as well as epitope-specific phenomena have been described. In this study, we investigated influences of IC immunization on the fine specificity of antibody responses in a structurally well-defined system, using the envelope (E) protein of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus as an immunogen. TBE virus occurs in Europe and Asia and—together with the yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, and Japanese encephalitis viruses—represents one of the major human-pathogenic flaviviruses. Mice were immunized with a dimeric soluble form of E (sE) alone or in complex with monoclonal antibodies specific for each of the three domains of E, and the antibody response induced by these ICs was compared to that seen after immunization with sE alone. Immunoassays using recombinant domains and domain combinations of TBE virus sE as well as the distantly related West Nile virus sE allowed the dissection and quantification of antibody subsets present in postimmunization sera, thus generating fine-specificity patterns of the polyclonal responses. There were substantially different responses with two of the ICs, and the differences could be mechanistically related to (i) epitope shielding and (ii) antibody-mediated structural changes leading to dissociation of the sE dimer. The phenomena described may also be relevant for polyclonal responses upon secondary infections and/or booster immunizations and may affect antibody responses in an individual-specific way.IMPORTANCEInfections with flaviviruses such as yellow fever, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) viruses pose substantial public health problems in different parts of the world. Antibodies to viral envelope protein E induced by natural infection or vaccination were shown to confer protection from disease. Such antibodies can target different epitopes in E protein, and the fine specificities of polyclonal responses can differ between individuals. We conducted a mouse immunization study with TBE E protein alone or complexed to monoclonal antibodies specific for each of the three protein domains. We demonstrated that phenomena such as epitope shielding and antibody-induced structural changes can profoundly influence the fine specificity of antibody responses to the same immunogen. The study thus provided important new information on the potential immunomodulatory role of preexisting antibodies in a flavivirus system that can be relevant for understanding individual-specific factors influencing antibody responses in sequential flavivirus infections and/or immunizations.

The suitability of yellow fever and Japanese encephalitis vaccines for immunization against West Nile virus

Vaccine ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (39) ◽  
pp. 4785-4792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galina Yamshchikov ◽  
Victoria Borisevich ◽  
Chun Wai Kwok ◽  
Ryan Nistler ◽  
Jake Kohlmeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
West Nile

scholarly journals The Antigenic Structure of Zika Virus and Its Relation to Other Flaviviruses: Implications for Infection and Immunoprophylaxis

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz X. Heinz ◽  
Karin Stiasny
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Dengue Viruses ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Disease Agent

SUMMARY Zika virus was discovered ∼70 years ago in Uganda and maintained a low profile as a human disease agent in Africa and Asia. Only recently has it caused explosive outbreaks in previously unaffected regions, first in Oceania and then in the Americas since 2015. Of special concern is the newly identified link between congenital malformations (especially microcephaly) and Zika virus infections during pregnancy. At present, it is unclear whether Zika virus changed its pathogenicity or whether the huge number of infections allowed the recognition of a previously cryptic pathogenic property. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent data on the molecular antigenic structure of Zika virus in the context of antibody-mediated neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, a phenomenon that has been implicated in the development of severe disease caused by the related dengue viruses. Emphasis is given to epitopes of antibodies that potently neutralize Zika virus and also to epitopes that provide antigenic links to other important human-pathogenic flaviviruses such as dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. The antigenic cross talk between Zika and dengue viruses appears to be of special importance, since they cocirculate in many regions of endemicity and sequential infections are likely to occur frequently. New insights into the molecular antigenic structure of Zika virus and flaviviruses in general have provided the foundation for great progress made in developing Zika virus vaccines and antibodies for passive immunization.

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