Measurement Issues Related to Studies of Childhood Obesity: Assessment of Body Composition, Body Fat Distribution, Physical Activity, and Food Intake

This article reviews the current status of various methodologies used in obesity and nutrition research in children, with particular emphasis on identifying priorities for research needs. The focus of the article is 1) to review methodologic aspects involved with measurement of body composition, body-fat distribution, energy expenditure and substrate use, physical activity, and food intake in children; and 2) to present an inventory of research priorities.

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Body Fat Distribution and Body Composition During GnRH Agonist Therapy

Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1097/00006250-200103000-00003 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 338-342 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

HIDEKI YAMASAKI ◽

TSUTOMU DOUCHI ◽

SHINAKO YAMAMOTO ◽

TOSHIMICHI OKI ◽

RIKI KUWAHATA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Fat ◽

Gnrh Agonist ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Agonist Therapy

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Association of prenatal exposure to gestational diabetes with offspring body composition and regional body fat distribution

Clinical Obesity ◽

10.1111/cob.12237 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 81-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. Kearney ◽

J. Perron ◽

I. Marc ◽

S. J. Weisnagel ◽

A. Tchernof ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Body Fat ◽

Prenatal Exposure ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Regional Body Fat

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Energy Expenditure and Body Fat Distribution in Mohawk Children

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.95.1.89 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 95 (1) ◽

pp. 89-95

Author(s):

Michael I. Goran ◽

Mary Kaskoun ◽

Rachel Johnson ◽

Charlene Martinez ◽

Benson Kelly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Native Americans ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Total Energy ◽

Body Fat ◽

Resting Energy Expenditure ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Total Energy Expenditure ◽

Fat Free Mass

Objective. Epidemiologic studies suggest that Native Americans, including the Mohawk people, have a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. However, current information on alterations in related variables such as energy metabolism and body composition in Native Americans is almost exclusively limited to already obese Pima adults living in the Southwest. The aim of this study was to characterize energy metabolism and body composition in young Mohawk children (17 girls, 11 boys; aged 4 to 7 years) as compared to Caucasian children (36 girls, 34 boys; aged 4 to 7 years). Total energy expenditure was measured by doubly labeled water, postprandial resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry, and activity energy expenditure was derived from the difference between total and resting energy expenditure. Fat and fat free mass were estimated from bioelectrical resistance, and body fat distribution was estimated from skinfolds and circumferences. Results. There were no significant effects of ethnic background or sex on body weight, height, or body mass index. Fat free mass was significantly higher in boys and fat mass was significantly higher in girls, with no effect of ethnic background. Chest skinfold thickness, the ratio of trunk skinfolds:extremity skinfolds, and the waist:hip ratio were significantly higher in Mohawk children by 2.5 mm, 0.09 units, and 0.03 units, respectively, independent of sex and fat mass. Total energy expenditure was significantly higher in Mohawk children compared to Caucasian (100 kcal/day in girls, 150 kcal/day in boys), independent of fat free mass and sex, due to a significantly higher physical activity-related energy expenditure. Conclusion. These data suggest that: 1) body fat is more centrally distributed in Mohawk relative to Caucasian children, and this effect is independent of sex and body fat content; 2) Mohawk children have a greater total energy expenditure than Caucasian children, independent of fat free mass, due to greater physical activity-related energy expenditure.

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Associations of disordered sleep with body fat distribution, physical activity and diet among overweight middle-aged men

Journal of Sleep Research ◽

10.1111/jsr.12283 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 24 (4) ◽

pp. 414-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Xiao Tan ◽

Markku Alén ◽

Shu Mei Cheng ◽

Tuija M. Mikkola ◽

Jarkko Tenhunen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Middle Aged

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The Effect of Resistance Training on Some Pulmonary Indexes, Body Composition, Body Fat Distribution and VO2max in Thin and Fat Men of Personal and Members of Faculty of Azad University Bebahan Branch

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.008 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 3051-3055

Author(s):

Siroos Hosseini Askarabadi ◽

Rohollah Valizadeh

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution

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Higher physical activity is associated with increased androgens, low interleukin 6 and less aortic calcification in peripheral obese elderly women

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe-08-0319 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 199 (1) ◽

pp. 61-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

R H Straub ◽

L B Tankó ◽

C Christiansen ◽

P J Larsen ◽

D S Jessop

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Interleukin 6 ◽

Plasma Levels ◽

Elderly Women ◽

Lumbar Vertebra ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Aortic Calcification

The presence of peripheral fat mass (PFM) appears to counteract the atherogenic trends of central fat mass through mechanisms presently poorly understood. In elderly women with distinct forms of body fat distribution, we wanted to study whether physical activity and aortic calcification are related to plasma levels of cortisol, 17-α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-α-OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (ASD), and interleukin 6 (IL6) accomplishing an anti-atherogenic milieu. A total of 276 well-defined generally healthy women aged 60–85 years were included. Categorization of body fat distribution was based on the relative presence of central to PFM measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Women meticulously reported weekly physical activity. Outcome measures were aortic calcification between lumbar vertebra L1 and L4, plasma levels of hormones, and IL6. In peripheral adipose women, plasma DHEA and ASD increased with the degree of physical activity. This was also mirrored in the ratios of cortisol/DHEA and cortisol/17-α-OHP. Peripheral adipose women with high DHEA relative to cortisol had less severe aortic calcification, and in the same group a higher level of physical activity was associated with lower levels of plasma IL6. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that high physical activity is associated with a high circulating androgen to cortisol ratio, low IL6, and less severe aortic calcification. Since androgens inhibit IL6 secretion, the activity-induced increase of these hormones might be an anti-atherogenic signal.

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The Effects Aerobic Exercise on Some Pulmonary Indexes, Body Composition, Body Fat Distribution and VO2max in Normal and Fat Men of Personal and Members of Faculty of Azad University Bebahan Branch

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.006 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 3041-3045 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Siroos Hosseini Askarabadi ◽

Rohollah Valizadeh ◽

Fateme Daraei

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Body Fat ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution

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Effects of Different Types of Exercise on Body Composition and Fat Distribution in HIV-Infected Patients: A Brief Review

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1139/h05-117 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 233-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Florin M. Malita ◽

Antony D. Karelis ◽

Emil Toma ◽

Remi Rabasa-Lhoret

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Resistance Training ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Body Fat ◽

Aerobic Training ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Functional Independence ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Metabolic Complications

HIV infection and its treatment is associated with unfavourable metabolic and morphological abnormalities. These metabolic abnormalities, particularly alterations in body composition and fat distribution, may increase the risk for cardiovascular and metabolic complications, as well as reduce functional independence and lower self-esteem. Thus there is an urgent need to develop interventions intended to manage secondary side effects of HIV or antiretroviral therapy-related complications. In poly-treated patients, nonpharmacological interventions are a logical first step. Exercise training in particular may help alleviate some of the metabolic adverse effects associated with antiretroviral therapy by favourably altering body composition and patterns of body fat distribution. Studies have shown that exercise training, particularly aerobic training, can help reduce total body and visceral fat, as well as normalizing lipid profiles in HIV-infected patients. The results for resistance training, however, are less conclusive. Knowledge of the use of resistance and aerobic training and its attendant effects on insulin resistance and adipocytokines may represent an effective nonpharmacologic means for treating metabolic complications of HIV-infected persons who are receiving appropriate antiretroviral therapy. In this brief review we examine the effects of aerobic and resistance training on body composition, body fat distribution, and selected metabolic outcomes. Key words: lipodystrophy, highly active anti-retroviral therapy, aerobic training, resistance training

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Unacylated ghrelin is associated with changes in body composition and body fat distribution during long-term exercise intervention

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje-11-0334 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 165 (2) ◽

pp. 243-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Henna Cederberg ◽

Ulla Rajala ◽

Vesa-Matti Koivisto ◽

Jari Jokelainen ◽

Heljä-Marja Surcel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Body Composition ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Body Fat ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Exercise Intervention ◽

Fat Distribution ◽

Body Fat Distribution ◽

Unacylated Ghrelin

ObjectiveGhrelin, a gut–brain peptide involved in energy homeostasis, circulates predominantly (>90%) in unacylated form. Previous studies, however, have focused on total and acylated ghrelin, and the role of unacylated ghrelin (UAG) is not well understood. Particularly, the association of UAG with weight loss and changes in body composition in adults remains unclear. We hypothesized that exercise-associated increase in UAG level is associated with weight loss, favorable changes in body composition, and body fat distribution.Design and methodsA prospective study of 552 young men (mean age 19.3 and range 19–28 years) undergoing military service with structured 6-month exercise training program. Exercise performance, body composition, and biochemical measurements were obtained at baseline and follow-up. Association between changes in UAG levels and body composition and body fat distribution were evaluated.ResultsAn increase in UAG level during the exercise intervention was associated with reduced weight, fat mass (FM), fat percentage (fat %), and waist circumference, but not with fat-free mass. Inverse associations of changes in UAG level with changes in waist circumference and fat % were independent of weight at baseline, and changes in weight and exercise performance. Associations of changes in UAG level with waist circumference were significantly stronger than with fat % after the adjustment for confounding variables.ConclusionUAG is associated with changes in body weight and body composition during an intensive long-term exercise intervention in young men. The association of UAG levels with changes in central obesity was stronger than with total FM.

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