ADJUSTMENT OF VENTILATION, INTRAPULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE DURING THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE

Determinations of blood gases and of acid-base balance were done in umbilical vein and artery blood at birth and in arterial blood at the age of 20 minutes in 20 infants of diabetic mothers. All were born by cesarean section, 18 of them between 36 and 37 weeks gestation. None showed respiratory distress at any time. Ventilation, gaseous metabolism, functional residual capacity, intrapulmonary gas exchange, and acid-base balance were determined at the age of 1, 4, and 24 hours in these 20 infants. The results indicate the following conclusions with regard to infants of diabetic mothers. 1. Adjustment of ventilation to perfusion in the lung appears to be complete at 4 hours of life. 2. Throughout the first 24 hours there is a persistence of an over-all true right to left shunt of approximately 20-25% of the total cardiac output. The exact localization of this shunt is unknown. 3. Acid-base balance in cord blood and in arterial blood during the first day of life in infants of diabetic mothers differs only slightly from that of infants of nondiabetic mothers. At 1 and 4 hours of age there is some persistence of a slight respiratory acidosis. 4. At 24 hours infants of diabetic mothers have the usual low arterial Pco2 of other newborn infants, but a ventilation equivalent of 16.5, which is normal for adults. 5. Although 6 of the 17 infants studied at 4 hours have shown a respiratory rate above 60 without other signs of respiratory distress, these infants with high rates had small tidal volumes, high physiologic dead-space/tidal volume ratios, and relatively little increase in minute volume.

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The effects of enforced activity on ventilation, circulation and blood acid-base balance in the aquatic gill-less urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis; a comparison with the semi-terrestrial anuran, Bufo marinus

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.84.1.289 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 84 (1) ◽

pp. 289-302

Author(s):

R. G. Boutilier ◽

D. G. McDonald ◽

D. P. Toews

Keyword(s):

Recovery Period ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Bufo Marinus ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Cryptobranchus Alleganiensis ◽

Base Balance ◽

Lower Magnitude

A combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis occurs in the arterial blood immediately following 30 min of strenuous activity in the predominantly skin-breathing urodele, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis, and in the bimodal-breathing anuran, Bufo marinus, at 25 degrees C. In Bufo, the bulk of the post-exercise acidosis is metabolic in origin (principally lactic acid) and recovery is complete within 4-8 h. In the salamander, a lower magnitude, longer duration, metabolic acid component and a more pronounced respiratory acidosis prolong the recovery period for up to 22 h post-exercise. It is suggested that fundamental differences between the dominant sites for gas exchange (pulmonary versus cutaneous), and thus in the control of respiratory acid-base balance, may underline the dissimilar patterns of recovery from exercise in these two species.

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Arterial Blood Gases, Acid-Base Balance, and Lactate and Gas Exchange Variables During Hypoxic Exercise

International Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1055/s-2007-1024916 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 10 (04) ◽

pp. 279-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

T. Yoshida ◽

M. Udo ◽

M. Chida ◽

K. Makiguchi ◽

M. Ichioka ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Blood Gases ◽

Arterial Blood Gases ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Base Balance ◽

Hypoxic Exercise

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Patterns of Acid Base Balance and Plasma Electrolyte Concentrations in Post Surgical Digestive Patients

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi33.7-8.1993.173-81 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (7-8) ◽

pp. 173-81

Author(s):

T. Murad El Fuad ◽

Efori Gea ◽

Chaerul Yael ◽

Munar Lubis

Keyword(s):

Electrolyte Concentration ◽

Gastrointestinal Surgery ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Plasma Electrolyte ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Base Balance ◽

Pediatric Icu

Patterns of acid-base balance and plasma electrolyte concentrations of postsurgical digestive patients were studied retrospectively. The patients were treated at the Pediatric ICU Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan, during the period of February 1991 through January 31 1992. There were 131 patients admitted to the Pediatric ICU, 67 (51.1 %) of them had had gastrointestinal surgery. Arterial blood gas and I or plasma electrolyte examinations were done in 92% of patients within 12 hours of admission. In 50 patients both blood gas and electrolyte concentration values were examined; 6 of them died. One out of 14 patients who had only serum electrolyte concentration values died. One out of 3 patients who had neither blood gas nor plasma electrolyte concentration values died. Acid-base imbalances were found in 66% of those 50 patients, consisting of 28% metabolic acidosis, 12% respiratory alkalosis, 8% respiratory acidosis, and 6% metabolic alkalosis. Hyponatremia was found in 68.4% of the survivors and in 2 out of 6 patients who died. No hypernatremia was found in any of the patients. Hypokalemia was found in 24.6% of patients survived; and none in those who died. Hyperkalemia was encountered in 24.6% of those who survived. The overall mortality of patients who had undergone gastrointestinal surgery in the Pediatric ICU, Pirngadi Hospital, was 8/67 (11.9%).

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Arterial blood gas tensions and acid-base balance in the management of the respiratory distress syndrome

The Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1016/s0022-3476(66)80424-9 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 74-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 47

Author(s):

R. Wesley Boston ◽

Florence Geller ◽

Clement A. Smith

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Respiratory Distress ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Blood Gas ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Arterial Blood Gas ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Base Balance

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DIGITALIS TOLERANCE IN YOUNG PUPPIES

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.46.5.730 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 46 (5) ◽

pp. 730-736

Author(s):

Katherine H. Halloran ◽

Steven C. Schimpff ◽

Jean G. Nicolas ◽

Norman S. Talner

Keyword(s):

Blood Gases ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Littermate Control ◽

Premature Ventricular Contractions ◽

Toxic Dose ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Wide Range ◽

Base Balance ◽

The Mean

Tolerance to acetyl strophanthidin, a rapid-acting cardiac aglycone, was determined in 28 anesthetized mongrel puppies, ages 16 to 56 days, and compared to tolerance in 16 littermate puppies in whom acute hypercapnic acidemia was produced. The tolerance was also compared to that of four adult mongrel dogs. The toxic dose was defined as the intravenous amount required to produce four consecutive premature ventricular contractions. A marked variation in the toxic dose was found in the 28 control puppies (range 83 to 353 µg/kg, mean 169 µg/kg) which could not be correlated with age, arterial blood gases or pH, serum potassium or sodium, arterial pressure, or heart rate. The toxic dose was significantly greater in the puppies than in the adult dogs, in whom the mean toxic dose was 64 µg/kg (range 50 to 89 µg/kg). A significant increase in tolerance was also observed in the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia (mean toxic dose 220 µg/kg, range 93 to 375 µg/kg) in comparison to tolerance in the control puppies and despite the wide range of tolerance, each of the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia showed greater tolerance than its littermate control puppy. Assessment of the clinical implications of these findings will require study of the effects of alterations in acid-base balance on the inotropic effect of acetyl strophanthidin in addition to the toxic electrophysiologic effects.

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Acid-base balance and plasma composition in the aestivating lungfish (Protopterus)

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1977.232.1.r10 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 232 (1) ◽

pp. R10-R17 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

R. G. DeLaney ◽

S. Lahiri ◽

R. Hamilton ◽

P. Fishman

Keyword(s):

Plasma Osmolality ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Electrolyte Balance ◽

Plasma Composition ◽

Total Plasma ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Plasma Bicarbonate ◽

Arterial Ph ◽

Base Balance

Upon entering into aestivation, Protopterus aethiopicus develops a respiratory acidosis. A slow compensatory increase in plasma bicarbonate suffices only to partially restore arterial pH toward normal. The cessation of water intake from the start of aestivation results in hemoconcentration and marked oliguria. The concentrations of most plasma constituents continue to increase progressively, and the electrolyte ratios change. The increase in urea concentration is disproportionately high for the degree of dehydration and constitutes an increasing fraction of total plasma osmolality. Acid-base and electrolyte balance do not reach a new equilibrium within 1 yr in the cocoon.

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Effects of temperature on acid-base balance and ventilation in desert iguanas

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1981.51.2.452 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 452-460 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

P. E. Bickler

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Pulmonary Ventilation ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Lung Ventilation ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Arterial Ph ◽

Blood Relative ◽

Base Balance ◽

History Of

The effects of constant and changing temperatures on blood acid-base status and pulmonary ventilation were studied in the eurythermal lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Constant temperatures between 18 and 42 degrees C maintained for 24 h or more produced arterial pH changes of -0.0145 U X degrees C-1. Arterial CO2 tension (PCO2) increased from 9.9 to 32 Torr plasma [HCO-3] and total CO2 contents remained constant at near 19 and 22 mM, respectively. Under constant temperature conditions, ventilation-gas exchange ratios (VE/MCO2 and VE/MO2) were inversely related to temperature and can adequately explain the changes in arterial PCO2 and pH. During warming and cooling between 25 and 42 degrees C arterial pH, PCO2 [HCO-3], and respiratory exchange ratios (MCO2/MO2) were similar to steady-state values. Warming and cooling each took about 2 h. During the temperature changes, rapid changes in lung ventilation following steady-state patterns were seen. Blood relative alkalinity changed slightly with steady-state or changing body temperatures, whereas calculated charge on protein histidine imidazole was closely conserved. Cooling to 17-18 degrees C resulted in a transient respiratory acidosis correlated with a decline in the ratio VE/MCO2. After 12-24 h at 17-18 degrees C, pH, PCO2, and VE returned to steady-state values. The importance of thermal history of patterns of acid-base regulation in reptiles is discussed.

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