HUMAN FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION: I. CLINICAL FEATURES OF SAMPLE WITH INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-558
Author(s):  
J. Urrusti ◽  
P. Yoshida ◽  
L. Velasco ◽  
S. Frenk ◽  
A. Rosado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Fetal Growth Retardation ◽  
Neonatal Deaths ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Normal Term

Intrauterine growth was assessed in a series of 128 cases. Thirty-six infants were small for gestational age, and showed the usual signs of intrauterine growth retardation (IUM). The head circumference of these infants was small, with reference to normal term babies (FT) and comparable to premature infants, appropriately sized for a gestational age (ACA) five weeks less than that of the IUM's. There were 12 neonatal deaths, three among IUM infants within 24 hours and nine in the low birth weight AGA group within 72 hours. The mothers of these three groups of infants were similar with respect to age, weight, height, nutritional patterns, and prior pregnancy histories.

Determinants of Fetal Growth and Body Proportionality

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Kramer ◽  
Marielle Olivier ◽  
Frances H. McLean ◽  
Geoffrey E. Dougherty ◽  
Diana M. Willis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight Infants ◽  
Fetal Sex ◽  
Growth Ratio ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

Previous studies of fetal growth and body proportionality have been based on error-prone gestational age estimates and on inappropriate comparisons of infants with dissimilar birth weights. Based on a cohort of 8719 infants with validated (by early ultrasonography) gestational ages and indexes of body proportionality standardized for birth weight, potential maternal and fetal determinants of fetal growth and proportionality were assessed. Maternal history of previous low birth weight infants, pregnancy-related hypertension (particularly if severe), diabetes, prepregnancy weight, net gestational weight gain, cigarette smoking, height, parity, and fetal sex were all significantly associated with fetal growth in the expected directions. Consistent with previous reports, maternal age, marital status, and onset or total amount of prenatal care had no significant independent effects. Fetal growth ratio (relative weight for gestational age), pregnancy-related hypertension, fetal sex, and maternal height were the only significant determinants of proportionality. Infants who were growth-retarded, those with taller mothers, those whose mothers had severe pregnancy-related hypertension, and males tended to be longer and thinner and had larger heads for their weight, although these variables explained only a small fraction of the variance in the proportionality measures. Among infants with intrauterine growth retardation, gestational age was not independently associated with proportionality (in particular, late term and postterm infants did not tend to be more disproportional), a finding that does not support the hypothesis that earlier onset of growth retardation leads to more proportional growth retardation. The results raise serious questions about previous studies of proportionality, particularly those suggesting a nutritional etiology for proportional intrauterine growth retardation. They also emphasize the importance of controlling for degree of growth retardation, maternal stature, and pregnancy-related hypertension in evaluating the prognostic consequences of proportionality for mortality, morbidity, and functional performance.

Categories of intrauterine growth retardation

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 203-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A Fay ◽  
David A Ellwood
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Ponderal Index ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Different Types

Originally all low birthweight infants were considered to be premature. When prematurity was redefined in terms of gestational age (SGA) and not preterm. With the large scale collection of obstetric data the distributions of birthweight at different gestational ages were described and from these, infants who were SGA could be defined. SGA became synonymous with terms such as growth retardation, but it soon became appearent that the two were not necessarily interchangeable. Scott and Usher found that it was the degree of soft tissue wasting rather than birthweight that related to poor perinatal outcome. Miller and Hassanein stated that: “birthweight by itself is not a valid measure of fetal growth impairment”. They used Rorher’s Ponderal Index (weight (g) × 100/length (cm)) to diagnose the malnourished or excessively wasted infants with reduced soft tissue mass. Most studies of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) still use low birthweight for gestational age centile as their only definition of IUGR or only study infants who have a low birthweight. Altman and Hytten expressed disquiet about this definition and stated: “There is now an urgent need to establish true measures of fetal growth from which deviations indicating genuine growth retardation can be derived” and that “it is particularly important that some reliable measures of outcome should be established”. In large series of term deliveries published recently, two groups of IUGR infants with different growth patterens have been identified. These studies confirm that birthweight alone is inadequate to define the different types of IUGR. They established that low Ponderal Index (PI) is a measure of IUGR associated with an increased incidence of perinatal problems and that it is time to re-evaluate IUGR in terms of the different types of aberrant fetal growth.

Differential Effects of Maternal Heroin and Methadone Use on Birthweight

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-685
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Kandall ◽  
Susan Albin ◽  
Joyce Lowinson ◽  
Beatrice Berle ◽  
Arthur I. Eidelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Methadone Maintenance ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fetal Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Methadone Dosage ◽  
History Of

An analysis of birthweights of 337 neonates in relation to history of maternal narcotic usage was undertaken Mean birthweight of infants born to mothers abusing heroin during the pregnancy was 2,490 gm, an effect primarily of intrauterine growth retardation. Low mean birthweight (2,615 gm) was also seen in infants born to mothers who had abused heroin only prior to this pregnancy, and mothers who had used both heroin and methadone during the pregnancy (2,535 gm). Infants born to mothers on methadone maintenance during the pregnancy had significantly higher mean birthweights (2,961 gm), but lower than the control group (3,176 gm). A highly significant relationship was observed between maternal methadone dosage in the first trimester and birthweight, i.e., the higher the dosage, the larger the infant. Heroin causes fetal growth retardation, an effect which may persist beyond the period of addiction. Methadone may promote fetal growth in a dose-related fashion after maternal use of heroin.

The Prognostic Significance of Antenatal Diagnosis of Fetal Growth Retardation

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (S1) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingemar Leijon
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Antenatal Diagnosis ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Fetal Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
The Individual

AbstractIntrauterine growth retardation is associated with high risk of perinatal asphyxia. The neonatal mortality rate of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (birthweight ≤ 2 SD) in Sweden decreased from 5.6% in 1973 to 2.0% in 1987. During the same period, the number SGA infants with postnatal asphyxia (5 min Apgar score <7) decreased from 10% to 5%. Based on antenatal diagnosis of fetal growth retardation, an optimal time of delivery reduces the risk of major neurological and developmental sequelae of the individual infant.

scholarly journals Intrauterine Fetal Growth Retardation: A Comparison of Human Placental Lactogen Urinary Oestriol and Biparietal Diameter Measurements

1974 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 15-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. P. Robinson ◽  
W. R. Chatfield ◽  
R. W. Logan ◽  
Frances Hall
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Fetal Growth Retardation ◽  
Human Placental Lactogen ◽  
Reliable Prediction ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Biparietal Diameter

Forty-two ‘at risk’ pregnancies were serially monitored by sonar biparietal cephalometry, 24 h urinary oestriol assays and determination of serum human placental lactogen. The results were assessed by a scoring system, and it was found that a combination of sonar cephalometry and 24 h urinary oestriol assays gave the most reliable prediction of intrauterine growth retardation.

Comparison of the Causes and Consequences of Prematurity and Intrauterine Growth Retardation: A Longitudinal Study in Southern Brazil

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Fernando C. Barros ◽  
Sharon R.A. Huttly ◽  
Cesar C. Victora ◽  
Betty R. Kirkwood ◽  
J. Patrick Vaughan
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Preterm Children ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Prepregnancy Weight ◽  
Catch Up

A cohort of 5914 liveborns (99% of the city births) was followed up to the age of 4 years in Pelotas, southern Brazil. Besides the perinatal evaluation, the cohort children were examined again at mean ages of 11, 23, and 47 months. During each visit the children were weighed and measured and information on morbidity was collected. Also, multiple sources of information were used for monitoring mortality throughout the study. Of the babies with known gestational age, 9.0% were classified as intrauterine growth-retarded and 6.3% as preterm. Excluding those of unknown gestational age, 62% of low birth weight babies were intrauterine growth-retarded and 36% were preterm. Intrauterine growth retardation was statistically associated with maternal height, prepregnancy weight birth interval, and smoking, whereas preterm births were associated with maternal prepregnancy weight and maternal age. Preterm babies had a perinatal mortality rate 13 times higher than that of babies of appropriate birth weight and gestational age and 2 times higher than that of intrauterine growth-retarded babies. Infant mortality rates presented a similar pattern, with the differentials being more pronounced during the neonatal than in the postneonatal period. In the first 2 years of life intrauterine growth-retarded children were at almost twice the risk of being hospitalized for diarrhea compared with appropriate birth weight, term children, while preterm children experienced only a slightly greater risk. For pneumonia, however, both groups of children were hospitalized significantly more than appropriate birth weight, term children. In terms of growth, despite their earlier disadvantage, preterm children gradually caught up with their appropriate birth weight, term counterparts. This catch-up occurred primarily between mean ages 23 and 47 months. Intrauterine growth-retarded children, however, exhibited no such catch-up. Indeed, their average monthly growth rates between measurements were always lower than those of children in the other two groups.

Epidemiology of Inguinal Hernia in Preterm Neonates

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 246-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEITH J. PEEVY ◽  
FELICITY A. SPEED ◽  
CHARLES J. HOFF
Keyword(s):  
Inguinal Hernia ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Growth Retardation ◽  
Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Intrauterine Growth ◽  
Inguinal Hernias

We have studied the epidemiology of inguinal hernias in preterm infants. Inguinal hernias occur with increased frequency in infants ≤32 weeks' gestational age or ≤1,250 g birth weight. Among infants ≤32 weeks' gestational age, intrauterine growth retardation significantly increases the risk for development of inguinal hernias, especially in male infants. Our data demonstrate a previously unrecognized association between neonatal inguinal hernia and intrauterine growth retardation.

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