School Age Neurological and Cognitive Outcomes of Fetal Growth Retardation or Small for Gestational Age Birth Weight

Intrauterine growth was assessed in a series of 128 cases. Thirty-six infants were small for gestational age, and showed the usual signs of intrauterine growth retardation (IUM). The head circumference of these infants was small, with reference to normal term babies (FT) and comparable to premature infants, appropriately sized for a gestational age (ACA) five weeks less than that of the IUM's. There were 12 neonatal deaths, three among IUM infants within 24 hours and nine in the low birth weight AGA group within 72 hours. The mothers of these three groups of infants were similar with respect to age, weight, height, nutritional patterns, and prior pregnancy histories.

Download Full-text

PECULIARITIES OF PREGNANCY COURSE, CHILDBIRTH, AND MORPHOFUNCTIONAL STATE OF PLACENTA IN WOMEN WITH INTRAUTERINE FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION

Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії ◽

10.31718/2077-1096.21.3.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 11-16

Author(s):

A.M. Hromova ◽

V.A. Berezhna ◽

T.Yu. Liakhovska ◽

O.M. Ketova ◽

V.M. Shafarchuk

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Comparison Group ◽

Main Group ◽

Fetal Growth Retardation ◽

Anthropometric Parameters ◽

Increased Risk

Fetal growth retardation is a severe obstetric pathology that is accompanied by significant reproductive losses and the cost of treating newborns. The aim of the study is to investigate the clinical difference between the course of pregnancy, childbirth, and morphofunctional state of the placenta in women who gave birth to children with low birth weight before gestational age and normal anthropometric parameters. Materials and methods. The study included 37 women; the individuals of the main group gave birth to a child with low birth weight before gestational age (n = 25), the comparison group consisted of women who had uneventful pregnancy and children born with normal anthropometric parameters (n = 12) . Results and discussion. Pregnancy and childbirth in the main group were registered mostly within the age range of 30 and 39, burdened with bad habits, accompanied by somatic and obstetric pathology. The predominant mode of preterm delivery in most of the main group was cesarean section caused by fetal distress in contrast to women in the comparison group. Analysis of the morphofunctional state of the placenta from the women in the main groups revealed both general structural-adaptive and structural-morphological changes that indicated compensatory hyperplasia of placental tissue in women with foetal intrauterine growth retardation that is characteristic of the compensated stage of chronic placental insufficiency. Conclusion. The multicomponent impact of various factors may contribute to an increased risk of fetal growth retardation and its progression, so timely correction of risk factors will help to improve the management of pregnancy and perinatal outcomes.

Download Full-text

Fetal Growth Retardation: Femurs, Fontanels, and Follow-up

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.62.4.446 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 446-453

Author(s):

Alistair G.S. Philip

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Head Circumference ◽

Ponderal Index ◽

Length Ratio ◽

Fetal Growth Retardation ◽

Anterior Fontanel ◽

Group 3

Sixty-three term newborn infants with fetal growth retardation were evaluated within three days of birth. They were classified by length and head circumference. In group 1, both length and head circumference were less than the tenth percentile; in group 2, either length or head circumference was less than the tenth percentile; and in group 3, both length and head circumference were greater than the tenth percentile. Ponderal index (weight/length ratio), anterior fontanel size, and amount of epiphyseal ossification were also determined. Significantly lower birth weights and decreased ossification were found when groups 1 or 2 were compared separately with group 3. These differences were most marked when the weight/length ratio was less than 2.25. When the ponderal index was less than 2.0, epiphyseal ossification was usually absent (suggesting a chronic process). Epiphyseal ossification was positively correlated with birth weight and length but was unrelated to anterior fontanel size. Ossification was more often absent in males than in females. There was a negative (inverse) correlation between birth weight and anterior fontanel size. Follow-up of 32 of these infants at age 1 year showed marked individual variations, but there were significant differences in incremental linear growth between groups 1 and 3, a finding which supports results of animal studies showing that catch-up growth may be related to skeletal immaturity. Physical measurements at birth in the individual baby with fetal growth retardation do not reliably predict subsequent growth.

Download Full-text

The relative contribution of prematurity and fetal growth retardation to low birth weight in developing and developed societies

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1016/0002-9378(82)90012-6 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 143 (7) ◽

pp. 793-798 ◽

Cited By ~ 191

Author(s):

José Villar ◽

JoséM. Belizán

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Fetal Growth Retardation ◽

Relative Contribution

Download Full-text

Infant birth weight is related to maternal arterial oxygenation at high altitude

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1982.52.3.695 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 695-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

L. G. Moore ◽

S. S. Rounds ◽

D. Jahnigen ◽

R. F. Grover ◽

J. T. Reeves

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

High Altitude ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Late Gestation ◽

Fetal Growth Retardation ◽

Arterial Oxygenation ◽

Maternal Characteristics ◽

Infant Birth

Infant birth weight is reported to decrease at high altitude as a reulst of fetal growth retardation (McCullough, Reeves, and Liljegren. Arch. Environ, Health. 32: 36--39, 1977) but not all babies born at high altitude are small. We hypothesized that maternal characteristics acting to lower arterial O2 content would contribute to smaller infant birth weight. To test this hypothesis, we measured arterial oxygenation serially during pregnancy and again postpartum in 44 residents of Leadville, CO (elevation 3,100 m). We identified three maternal characteristics--ventilation, hemoglobin concentration, and smoking habits--that were related to the birth weight of the offspring. Mothers of smaller babies (less than 2,900 g) compared to mothers of larger babies (greater than 3,500 g) were characterized by hypoventilation, no change or a decrease in ventilation and arterial O2 saturation from early to late gestation, and a falling hemoglobin concentration that combined to lower arterial O2 content in the 3rd trimester. Maternal smoking at 3,100 m was associated with a two to threefold greater reduction in infant birth weight (-546 g) than reported from sea level. Thus, maternal arterial oxygenation during pregnancy may be important for predicting fetal growth retardation and the process of adaptation to high altitude.

Download Full-text

Assessment of risk factors for fetal growth retardation

HEALTH OF WOMAN ◽

10.15574/hw.2020.155-156.50 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 50-53

Author(s):

Kh. Alirzayeva ◽

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Weight ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Fetal Growth Retardation ◽

History Of

The objective: to determine the risk factors for the development of ESRD in pregnant women with preeclampsia and anemia. Materials and methods. 97 pregnant women with preeclampsia with iron-deficiency anemia were monitored. The first group included 46 pregnant women with diagnosed ZRD, the second group-51 pregnant women who gave birth to children with normal body weight. Criteria of FGR is to reduce body weight and length of newborn at birth (less than 10 percentile of assessment tables in comparison with due to gestational age), morphological maturity index (a lag of 2 weeks or more from the true gestational age), disproportionate body, the signs of malnutrition and trophic disorders of the skin and mucous membranes. Results. A step-by-step elimination of the factors that contributed the least to the development of ARI in a combination of preeclampsia and anemia was performed. The results of multivariate analysis showed that in General, the following factors had the strongest influence on the development of RR in preeclampsia and anemia: arterial hypertension (RR= 2.055 [95% CI 1.31-3.20]), overweight/obesity (RR=1.646 [95% CI 1.03-2.62]), anemia in the anamnesis (RR=2.591[95% CI 1.56-4.28]),complicated labor in the anamnesis (RR=1.886 [95% CI 1.29-2.74]), habitual miscarriage (RR=1.850 [95% CI 1.21-2.82]), a history of preeclampsia (RR= 1.922 [95% CI 1.31-2.80]), a history of RR (RR=3.502 [CI 2.37-5.16]). Conclusions. The most significant clinical and anamnestic risk factors for the development of RRT are: arterial hypertension, overweight/obesity, anemia in the anamnesis, pre-eclampsia in the anamnesis, complicated labor in the anamnesis, habitual miscarriage, RRT in the anamnesis. Keywords: pregnancy, preeclampsia, anemia, fetal growth retardation, risk factors.

Download Full-text

Genetic Analyses in Small-for-Gestational-Age Newborns

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2017-01843 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 917-925 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Susanne E Stalman ◽

Nita Solanky ◽

Miho Ishida ◽

Cristina Alemán-Charlet ◽

Sayeda Abu-Amero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Growth Failure ◽

Diagnostic Approach ◽

Sequence Variant ◽

Sequence Variants ◽

Genetic Analyses ◽

Prenatal Growth

Abstract Context Small for gestational age (SGA) can be the result of fetal growth restriction, which is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. Mechanisms that control prenatal growth are poorly understood. Objective The aim of the current study was to gain more insight into prenatal growth failure and determine an effective diagnostic approach in SGA newborns. We hypothesized that one or more copy number variations (CNVs) and disturbed methylation and sequence variants may be present in genes associated with fetal growth. Design A prospective cohort study of subjects with a low birth weight for gestational age. Setting The study was conducted at an academic pediatric research institute. Patients A total of 21 SGA newborns with a mean birth weight below the first centile and a control cohort of 24 appropriate-for-gestational-age newborns were studied. Interventions Array comparative genomic hybridization, genome-wide methylation studies, and exome sequencing were performed. Main Outcome Measures The numbers of CNVs, methylation disturbances, and sequence variants. Results The genetic analyses demonstrated three CNVs, one systematically disturbed methylation pattern, and one sequence variant explaining SGA. Additional methylation disturbances and sequence variants were present in 20 patients. In 19 patients, multiple abnormalities were found. Conclusion Our results confirm the influence of a large number of mechanisms explaining dysregulation of fetal growth. We concluded that CNVs, methylation disturbances, and sequence variants all contribute to prenatal growth failure. These genetic workups can be an effective diagnostic approach in SGA newborns.

Download Full-text

OC39: Small-for-gestational age and fetal growth restricted very low birth weight neonates have different postnatal weight growth curves

Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology ◽

10.1002/uog.4145 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 379-379

Author(s):

V. Ciriminna ◽

G. Rossetti ◽

E. Bertino ◽

P. Gaglioti ◽

M. Mensa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Growth Curves ◽

Weight Growth

Download Full-text

Determinants of Fetal Growth and Body Proportionality

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.86.1.18 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

pp. 18-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michael S. Kramer ◽

Marielle Olivier ◽

Frances H. McLean ◽

Geoffrey E. Dougherty ◽

Diana M. Willis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Fetal Growth ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Growth Retardation ◽

Intrauterine Growth Retardation ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Fetal Sex ◽

Growth Ratio ◽

Intrauterine Growth

Previous studies of fetal growth and body proportionality have been based on error-prone gestational age estimates and on inappropriate comparisons of infants with dissimilar birth weights. Based on a cohort of 8719 infants with validated (by early ultrasonography) gestational ages and indexes of body proportionality standardized for birth weight, potential maternal and fetal determinants of fetal growth and proportionality were assessed. Maternal history of previous low birth weight infants, pregnancy-related hypertension (particularly if severe), diabetes, prepregnancy weight, net gestational weight gain, cigarette smoking, height, parity, and fetal sex were all significantly associated with fetal growth in the expected directions. Consistent with previous reports, maternal age, marital status, and onset or total amount of prenatal care had no significant independent effects. Fetal growth ratio (relative weight for gestational age), pregnancy-related hypertension, fetal sex, and maternal height were the only significant determinants of proportionality. Infants who were growth-retarded, those with taller mothers, those whose mothers had severe pregnancy-related hypertension, and males tended to be longer and thinner and had larger heads for their weight, although these variables explained only a small fraction of the variance in the proportionality measures. Among infants with intrauterine growth retardation, gestational age was not independently associated with proportionality (in particular, late term and postterm infants did not tend to be more disproportional), a finding that does not support the hypothesis that earlier onset of growth retardation leads to more proportional growth retardation. The results raise serious questions about previous studies of proportionality, particularly those suggesting a nutritional etiology for proportional intrauterine growth retardation. They also emphasize the importance of controlling for degree of growth retardation, maternal stature, and pregnancy-related hypertension in evaluating the prognostic consequences of proportionality for mortality, morbidity, and functional performance.

Download Full-text