scholarly journals ACUTE FLACCID PARALYSIS REGISTERED FOR THE PERIOD 2012-2020, IN STARA ZAGORA REGION

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-155
Author(s):  
I. Simeonova ◽  
Sv. Petrova ◽  
I. Mladenova
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Eradicate Polio ◽  
Fecal Sampling

Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) is a clinical syndrome. There are many infectious and non-infectious causes of AFP. Poliomyelitis caused by the wild polio virus (the natural circulating strain of polio) is one of the causes of AFP. As a part of the worldwide campaign to eradicate polio, all countries do surveillance for polio by looking for clinical cases of AFP. The purpose of the study is to describe the cases of Acute Flaccid Paralysis, without Paresis Nervi facialis, in the Stara Zagora region for the period 2012-2020. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive analysis was performed on the parameters: diagnosis, seasonality, sex, residence, age, clinical data, and comorbidities, results of follow-up examinations, polio vaccine administration, and timeliness of studies. Results: There were 9 cases of AFP, without Paresis nervi facialis, registered and reported for the Stara Zagora region, for the period 2012 – 2020. The children in 3 years old were more affected- 4 patients. About the coverage with polio vaccine: 7 of the patients had 4 doses, 1- had 6 doses, 1 child had 5 doses, and + 1 zero dose. 100% of children are covered, according to their age, with IPV. Follow-up in 6 of the patients is without residual paresis and complications. Residual paresis was found in 1 of the cases. In 2 patients no control examination was performed due to migration. Conclusion: The correct epidemiological diagnosis is the way to timely and corrects clinical diagnosis. AFP Surveillance is of particular importance as well as fecal sampling up to 48 hours, from the onset of paralysis, and follow-up after the 60th day in children <15 years.

Detection of non-polio and polio enteroviruses in Acute Flaccid Paralysis surveillance in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulay Korukluoglu ◽  
Umit Ozdemirer ◽  
Fatma Bayrakdar ◽  
Zehra Unal ◽  
Yasemin Cosgun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
National Data ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance ◽  
Polio Vaccination ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Comprehensive Study

AbstractPoliomyelitis was a disease feared worldwide, striking suddenly and paralysing mainly children for life. Monitoring of suspected cases of poliomyelitis is carried out with Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance in Turkey. This study examines national data of AFP surveillance and the epidemiology of enteroviruses (EV) in Turkey from 2000 to 2019 and gives an overview of the detected serotypes of EVs. A total of 13,640 samples collected from patients with 5216 AFP pre-diagnosed cases (2 samples from each patient) and 3,208 contacts, during a 20-year period (2000–2019) were investigated. All isolated polioviruses were tested for their wild or vaccine origin according to the WHO recommended protocol by PCR and sequencing analysis were performed. Enterovirus positivity was detected in a total of 915 cases, which were identified as 204 Sabin-like polio virus (SLPV) and 711 non-polio enterovirus (NPEV). Of the 204 SLPV, 141 (69.1%) AFP were detected in patients and 63 (30.9%) were detected in samples taken from their contacts. Of the 711 NPEVs, 516 (72.5%) were from AFP cases and 195 (27.5%) were detected in samples taken from their contacts. It is concluded that the reason for the higher detection rate of NPEV in samples from AFP pre-diagnosed cases is attributed to the polio vaccination rates reaching 97% between 2008 and 2019 in Turkey. The most frequently detected NPEV serotypes were Coxackie A24, B3, and Echo 30. This retrospective study is the first comprehensive study in Turkey to evaluate the results of the AFP surveillance in the last 20 years.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance indicators in Sokoto State, Nigeria, 2012-2019: A secondary data analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Abdullateef Raji ◽  
Auwal Abubakar Usman ◽  
Abdulrahman Ahmad ◽  
Saheed Gidado ◽  
Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Background: Nigeria and indeed, entire Africa has been certified free of Wild Polio Virus (WPV) in 2020. However, the continent is still at risk of importation of WPV, especially in states like Sokoto in Nigeria, which has an international border. Furthermore, due to low immunity in some communities in Sokoto, outbreaks of the circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Virus (cVDPV) occur. Therefore, this paper evaluates the Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicators in Sokoto state, Nigeria. Methods: This retrospective study was an analysis of routinely collected AFP surveillance data between 2012 and 2019 by the Sokoto state surveillance network. We assessed the Sokoto state AFP surveillance system using the AFP surveillance performance indicators. We performed all analyses using Microsoft Excel 2019.Results: Cumulatively, 3001 Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) cases were reported over the evaluation period, out of which 1692 (56.4%) were males, and 2478 (82.4%) were below five years. More than half, 1773 (59.1%) had a fever at the beginning of the disease, and 1911 (63.7%) had asymmetric paralysis. The non-polio AFP rate (9.1 to 23.5%) and stool adequacy rate (92.5 to 100%) indicate high sensitivity. The proportion of cases that had stool samples collected early, timely transported to the laboratory and arrived at the laboratory in optimal condition were all above the World Health Organization (WHO) minimum standard of 80%. There was inadequate profile documentation of some suspected cases.Conclusions: Sokoto State has exceeded the WHO minimum standards in most of the AFP surveillance indicators. The performance of the system is sufficient enough to detect any reintroduction of WPV into the state. However, there is a need for improvement in data quality.

scholarly journals Retrospective Analysis of Six Years of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance and Polio Vaccine Coverage Reported by Italy, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Malta, and Greece

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Stefano Fontana ◽  
Gabriele Buttinelli ◽  
Stefano Fiore ◽  
Concetta Amato ◽  
Marco Pataracchia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Data Management System ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Polio Vaccine ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance ◽  
Afp Surveillance

Here we analyzed six years of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, from 2015 to 2020, of 10 countries linked to the WHO Regional Reference Laboratory, at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy. The analysis also comprises the polio vaccine coverage available (2015–2019) and enterovirus (EV) identification and typing data. Centralized Information System for Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Data Management System databases were used to obtain data on AFP indicators and laboratory performance and countries’ vaccine coverage from 2015 to 2019. EV isolation, identification, and typing were performed by each country according to WHO protocols. Overall, a general AFP underreporting was observed. Non-Polio Enterovirus (NPEV) typing showed a high heterogeneity: over the years, several genotypes of coxsackievirus and echovirus have been identified. The polio vaccine coverage, for the data available, differs among countries. This evaluation allows for the collection, for the first time, of data from the countries of the Balkan area regarding AFP surveillance and polio vaccine coverage. The need, for some countries, to enhance the surveillance systems and to promote the polio vaccine uptake, in order to maintain the polio-free status, is evident.

scholarly journals Evaluation of acute flaccid paralysis surveillance indicators in Sokoto state, Nigeria, 2012–2019: a secondary data analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Abdullateef Raji ◽  
Auwal Usman Abubakar ◽  
Abdulrahman Ahmad ◽  
Saheed Gidado ◽  
Abdulhakeem Abayomi Olorukooba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Region ◽  
Surveillance Network ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance ◽  
Afp Surveillance

Abstract Background Nigeria, the last endemic country in the WHO African Region, was certified free of Wild Polio Virus (WPV) in 2020. However, due to low immunity in some communities in Sokoto, outbreaks of the circulating Vaccine Derived Polio Virus (cVDPV) occur. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) surveillance indicators in Sokoto state, Nigeria. Methods This retrospective study was an analysis of routinely collected AFP surveillance data between 2012 and 2019 by the Sokoto state surveillance network. We assessed the Sokoto state AFP surveillance system using the AFP surveillance performance indicators. We performed all analyses using Microsoft Excel 2019. Results Cumulatively, 3001 Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) cases were reported over the evaluation period, out of which 1692 (56.4%) were males, and 2478 (82.4%) were below five years. More than half, 1773 (59.1%), had a fever at the beginning of the disease, and 1911 (63.7%) had asymmetric paralysis. The non-polio AFP rate (9.1 to 23.5% per 100,000 children < 15 years old) and stool adequacy rate (92.5 to 100%) indicate high sensitivity. The proportion of cases that had stool samples collected early, timely transported to the laboratory and arrived at the laboratory in optimal condition were all above the World Health Organization (WHO) minimum standard of 80%. There was inadequate profile documentation of some suspected cases. Conclusions Sokoto State has exceeded the WHO minimum standards in most of the AFP surveillance indicators. The performance of the system is sufficient enough to detect any reintroduction of WPV into the state. However, there is a need for improvement in data quality.

scholarly journals Implementation of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance in Emilia-Romagna, Italy: 2018-2019 analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Morgado ◽  
L Palandri ◽  
M E Colucci ◽  
P Affanni ◽  
R Zoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Case Investigation ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
E Mail

Abstract Problem Acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) active surveillance is the gold standard in polio eradication process. Italy was classified in 2017 at intermediate risk of poliovirus reintroduction based on suboptimal poliovirus surveillance. The aim of this study was to restore an adequate level of AFP surveillance in Emilia-Romagna Region. Description of the Problem The Emilia-Romagna's Reference Centre for AFP surveillance, in collaboration with the regional Public Health Service identified a collaborative network for AFP Surveillance by analysing the 2015-2017 Hospital Discharge Registers in all region's hospitals. The surveillance protocol was reviewed with the development of a computerized system of Active Surveillance-Zero Reporting sent by e-mail to doctors in the network every 15 days since October 2018. The goal was to restore the AFP notification system to meet WHO requirements sensitivity, completeness of case investigation, completeness of follow-up and to monitor the active surveillance program adherence. Results The active surveillance network was composed by 49 doctors from both hospital administrations and clinical wards from 4 University Hospitals and 7 Local Health Authorities throughout the region. By the end of 2019, the mean response to each e-mail was 48.5% (SD 7.5%); 7 AFP cases have been reported; 85.7% received a full clinical and virological investigation and 83.3% completed the 60 day's follow-up. The final diagnosis of the cases was: 3 Guillain-Barre, 1 transient polyneuritis after HAV vaccination, 1 neuromyopathy from chronic disease, 1 acute myelitis in patient with DADA2. In 2 cases the paralysis persisted after 60 days. Lessons In 2019, the active surveillance system reached sensitivity, completeness of case investigation and follow-up required. Intervention had no expenses, is easily reproducible, created a direct collaboration between clinical colleagues in the network and the reference center which restored adherence to AFP surveillance. Key messages This work proposes how to improve AFP surveillance in a setting with low polio risk perception due to the absence of cases. Additionally, it reinforces the importance of direct collaboration/teamwork between institutions, regional reference centres and clinicians.

scholarly journals Performance of Acute Flaccid Paralysis surveillance in Bauchi State, Nigeria, 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luka M. Ibrahim ◽  
Adamu Ningi ◽  
Jalal-Eddeen Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Stool Specimen ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Case Definition ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Polio Virus ◽  
Specimen Collection ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Definition Of

ObjectiveTo identify and address gaps in acute flaccid surveillance for polioeradication in Buchi stateIntroductionPoliomyelitis a disease targeted for eradication since 19881still pose public health challenge. The Eastern Mediterranean andAfrican Regions out of the six World Health Organization (WHO)Regions are yet to be certified polio free2. The certification of theWHO Africa region is largely dependent on Nigeria, while the WHOEastern Mediterranean is dependent on Pakistan and Afghanistan.Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is one of the criticalelements of the polio eradication initiative. It provides the neededinformation to alert health managers and clinician to timely initiateactions to interrupt transmission of the polio disease and evidence forthe absence of the wild polio virus.3,4One of the core assignments ofthe certification committee in all regions is to review documentationto verify the absence of wild poliovirus.5Good and completedocumentation is the proxy indication of the quality of the systemwhile poor documentation translates to possibilities of missing wildpoliovirus in the past. We evaluated the performance of the AFPsurveillance system in Bauchi, which is among the 11 high risks statesfor wild polio virus in Nigeria to identify and address gaps in thesurveillance system.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in Bauchi State. We assessedthe material and documentations on AFP surveillance in eighteen of thetwenty Local Government Areas (LGAs). We assessed the knowledgeof the clinician at focal and non-focal sites on case definition of AFP,the number and method of stool specimen collection to investigate acase and types of training received for AFP surveillance. We verifiedAFP case investigations for the last three years: The caregivers(mothers) were interviewed to authenticate the reported informationof AFP cases, the method used for stool specimen collection andfeedbacks. Community leaders’ knowledge on AFP surveillance wasalso assessed. Data was entered and analyzed in excel spread sheet.ResultsReview of the expected deliverables of 18 out of the 20 LGAdisease surveillance and notification officers (DSNO) revealed thatonly 2(11%), 5(28%), 6(33%) and 7(39%) had evidence of poliooutbreak investigation, supervisory reports, minutes of meeting andsurveillance work plan respectively. Of the 31 AFP cases investigated,correct and complete information was 39% for birth day, 26% forbirth month of the child, 23% for date of onset of paralysis and 23%for date of investigation. Contacts of informants, AFP 001-3 weredeficient in the focal and non-focal sites. The non-focal also lackedguidelines for integrated disease surveillance and response (IDSR)and terms of reference for surveillance focal person.Knowledge of case definition of AFP was 71% and 30% amongclinician at the focal and non-focal sites, respectively and 88% and55% for method of stool collection among clinician at focal and non-focal sites. Among the 38 care givers (mothers) interviewed 16 (42%)did not remember the day or month the investigation for the AFPwas conducted, 36(95%) gave the correct number of stool samples,15(40%) mentioned that the stool samples were collected 24 hoursapart and only 12 (32%) received feedbacks. Majority (79%) of thecommunity leaders interviewed were aware of AFP and knew thatstool was the specimen for investigation of the AFP but 21% did notknow whom to report a case of AFP in their communityConclusionsOur study revealed knowledge and documentations gaps in AFPsurveillance for certification of polio-free in Nigeria. The stateministry of health and the WHO consultants in the polio eradicationunit should update the knowledge of the health care workers at theoperational levels on AFP surveillance. The state ministry of healthand the WHO consultants should also provide all essential documentsrequired for quality AFP surveillance and ensure their judicious use.

scholarly journals Enterovirus D68 Subclade B3 Circulation in Senegal, 2016: Detection from Influenza-like Illness and Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amary Fall ◽  
Ndack Ndiaye ◽  
Mamadou Malado Jallow ◽  
Mamadou Aliou Barry ◽  
Cheikh Saad Bou Touré ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Enterovirus D68 ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Respiratory Specimens ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Following the 2014 outbreak, active surveillance of the EV-D68 has been implemented in many countries worldwide. Despite subsequent EV-D68 outbreaks (2014 and 2016) reported in many areas, EV-D68 circulation remains largely unexplored in Africa except in Senegal, where low levels of EV-D68 circulation were first noted during the 2014 outbreak. Here we investigate subsequent epidemiology of EV-D68 in Senegal from June to September 2016 by screening respiratory specimens from ILI and stool from AFP surveillance. EV-D68 was detected in 7.4% (44/596) of patients; 40 with ILI and 4 with AFP. EV-D68 detection was significantly more common in children under 5 years (56.8%, p = 0.016). All EV-D68 strains detected belonged to the newly defined subclade B3. This study provides the first evidence of EV-D68 B3 subclade circulation in Africa from patients with ILI and AFP during a 2016 outbreak in Senegal. Enhanced surveillance of EV-D68 is needed to better understand the epidemiology of EV-D68 in Africa.

scholarly journals Surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Lombardy, Northern Italy, from 1997 to 2011 in the context of the national AFP surveillance system

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 277-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Pellegrinelli ◽  
Valeria Primache ◽  
Lucia Fiore ◽  
Concetta Amato ◽  
Stefano Fiore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Afp Surveillance

scholarly journals Acute Flaccid Paralysis surveillance in Polio Eradication and Beyond: Learning from Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humayra Binte Anwar ◽  
Yameen Mazumder ◽  
Sanjana Nujhat ◽  
Bushra Zarin Islam ◽  
Anna Kalbarczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Polio Eradication ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance ◽  
Afp Surveillance

Abstract IntroductionGlobal Polio Eradication Initiative, GPEI led by the World Health Organization (WHO), helped to develop standard acute flaccid paralysis surveillance (AFP) system worldwide, including Bangladesh, which comprises infrastructure, knowledge, expertise, funding, technical assistance, and trained personnel. AFP surveillance can complement any disease surveillance systems, and many countries are now utilizing these polio surveillance assets for monitoring other vaccine-preventable diseases. This paper outlines how AFP surveillance has evolved in Bangladesh over time, its success and challenging factors, and its potential to accomplish other health goals.MethodologyThis mixed-method study includes a grey literature review, a survey for quantitative and qualitative information on barriers and facilitators, and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) to gather relevant in-depth information on AFP surveillance in Bangladesh. Grey literature was collected online and paper documentation from different stakeholders. Online and in-person surveys were conducted in six divisions of Bangladesh, including Dhaka, Rajshahi, Rangpur, Chittagong, Sylhet, and Khulna, to map tacit knowledge ideas, approaches, and experiences. KIIs were conducted at global, national, and sub-national levels. Data were then combined on focused emerging themes, including history, challenges, and successes of the AFP surveillance system in Bangladesh.ResultsAFP surveillance in Bangladesh was first introduced in 1990 at the district and Upazila level major hospitals. High population growth, low performance, hard-to-reach areas, and groups of people residing in risky zones were major challenges to implementing this surveillance system. Surveillance was gradually enriched by establishing certification standards and community-based AFP surveillance and improved Surveillance Immunization Medical Officer (SIMO) network activities, laboratory activities, and proper monitoring and evaluation. In Bangladesh, a national disease surveillance system and a laboratory are now being used for multiple diseases, including polio, measles, Japanese Encephalitis, Neonatal Tetanus etc.ConclusionIn Bangladesh, it is evident that the AFP surveillance system is supporting the health system more broadly by building knowledge, experience, and assets and forming a strong platform for other health programs. In addition, its strengths can be leveraged for combating new and emerging diseases like COVID-19. However, the sustainability of the AFP surveillance in Bangladesh still needs collaborative support from partners, mainly technical assistance.

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