scholarly journals Eradication of PRRS from backyard swine herds in Hungary between 2012 and 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imre Nemes ◽  
Tamás Molnár ◽  
Tamás Abonyi ◽  
Zsolt Terjék ◽  
Ádám Bálint ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Government ◽  
Swine Herds ◽  
First Time ◽  
Free Status ◽  
The Eu

In the EU Member States with a traditionally significant pig industry, the prevalence of PRRS infections is high. Therefore, the Pig Strategy of the Government of Hungary prioritises eradication of PRRSV in Hungary. For the first time among the EU Member States, a National PRRS Eradication Programme was introduced in order to reach a more efficient, economical and competitive international market position. Although its significance has decreased in recent decades, 20% of the Hungarian pig population is still kept on small-scale (backyard) farms (< 100 animals). The prevalence of PRRSV in backyard farms was 3.9% at the beginning of the programme. The present paper details the measures applied during the different phases of the programme in backyard farms. During all the phases, serological testing of the breeding animals of the registered small-scale herds was performed, including the highest number of individual animals. Seropositive individuals were tested by PCR and were removed from the backyard farm within the framework of official measures. By sequencing the identified PRRS strains, the possible epidemic relationships between small-scale and large-scale farms were continuously monitored. As a result of the programme, PRRS-free status of the small-scale herds was achieved by the end of 2015, and this status was maintained in 2016-2018.

Determinants of technical efficiency in agriculture in new EU member states from Central and Eastern Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Štefan Bojnec ◽  
Imre Fertő ◽  
Attila Jámbor ◽  
József Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
New Eu Member States

Technical efficiency in agriculture of 10 new EU member states is analysed by Data Envelopment Analysis and econometric panel data analysis. Technical efficiency in agriculture is significantly positively associated with agricultural factor endowments, average farm size, farm specialisation, small-scale farms, and technological change. Foreign direct investments have an ambiguous effect. Reform and institutional developments, large-scale privatisation and price liberalisation, and urban- rural income gap are associated with technical efficiency in agriculture positively. An increase in technical efficiency in agriculture and the development of the rural economy are seen as a strategy to boost the level of living standards in agriculture and in rural areas.

scholarly journals VAT Collection Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Zídková ◽  
Aneta Šťastná
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Current System ◽  
Payment Method ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
One Stop ◽  
The One ◽  
Collection Methods ◽  
The Eu

Although, the VAT contributes significantly to tax revenues in all EU Member States, the current VAT system is vulnerable to organized fraud schemes and suffers from large scale tax evasion. The EU Member States and the European Commission are discussing new ways of VAT collection to prevent the evasive and fraudulent practices. This paper aims at the description of different VAT collection methods including their flaws and benefits that are addressed in the available literature. The conclusion is that reverse charge and split payment method are changing the character of the VAT system. The One stop shop system is lacking trust of the EU member states. Therefore, the recommendation is to improve current system by electronic means of reporting.

The issues of identification and the ways to support the development of mountain areas in Ukraine

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Petro Zhuk
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
External Support ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Regional Development Strategy ◽  
The Status ◽  
Domestic Practice ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Eu

The issues of delineating the mountain areas as an object of support of socio-economic development are examined. The 2021-2027 State Regional Development Strategy adopted by the Government of Ukraine stipulates the transition to a territory-oriented development policy. The Strategy provides the types of territories that require special attention on part of the state and the application of specific mechanisms and tools to stimulate their development. Mountain areas are indicated among such territories, which requires substantiation and institutionalization of the concept of mountain areas. The paper compares the domestic practice and relevant European approaches to delineation and granting the status of mountain areas to some territories. The features of the methodology of territorial typology in the delineation of mountain areas used in the EU Member States are outlined. In particular, the categories of mountain areas, the methods and criteria for their identification based on digital analysis of topographic data on the relief are indicated. The mechanisms of external support of sustainable development and improvement of the economic competitiveness of mountain areas in the EU Member States are determined. The features of domestic practice in supporting mountain areas focused on mountain settlements are outlined, and the interpretation of mountain areas in strategic documents and legislation of Ukraine is analyzed. The conclusions regarding the need to improve the mechanisms of state support of mountain areas in Ukraine and approaches and criteria to their identification are made. The difficulties of application in Ukraine of the methodology used in the EU due to the lack of necessary mapping-digital framework are emphasized. The option of not abandoning the domestic practice of considering the settlements as mountain ones is suggested. Yet, the category of mountain areas should include the territories of administrative-territorial units of the basic level where half and over half settlements have the mountain status.

scholarly journals GEOGRAPHIC DATA AS PERSONAL DATA IN FOUR EU MEMBER STATES

2016 ◽  
Vol III-2 ◽  
pp. 151-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. de Jong ◽  
B. van Loenen ◽  
J. A. Zevenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Geographic Data ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Eu

The EU Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data aims at harmonising data protection legislation in the European Union. This should promote the free flow of products and services within the EU. This research found a wide variety of interpretations of the application of data protection legislation to geographic data. The variety was found among the different EU Member States, the different stakeholders and the different types of geographic data. In the Netherlands, the Data Protection Authority (DPA) states that panoramic images of streets are considered personal data. While Dutch case law judges that the data protection legislation does not apply if certain features are blurred and no link to an address is provided. The topographic datasets studied in the case studies do not contain personal data, according to the Dutch DPA, while the German DPA and the Belgian DPA judge that topographic maps of a large scale can contain personal data, and impose conditions on the processing of topographic maps. The UK DPA does consider this data outside of the scope of legal definition of personal data. The patchwork of differences in data protection legislation can be harmonised by using a traffic light model. This model focuses on the context in which the processing of the data takes place and has four categories of data: (1) sensitive personal data, (2) personal data, (3), data that can possibly lead to identification, and (4) non-personal data. For some geographic data, for example factual data that does not reveal sensitive information about a person, can be categorised in the third category giving room to opening up data under the INSPIRE Directive.

scholarly journals Internationalization, the Highly Qualified and the Innovation Output

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-228
Author(s):  
Zuzana Potužáková ◽  
Jan Öhm
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Patent Protection ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
Innovation Output ◽  
The Eu

The process of Internationalization strongly influences the developed economies, including the EU, whereas the large scale of international trade in goods is characterized by production with high value added. Based on this, the fabrication of such commodities requires a highly qualified workforce and is very often followed by international patent protection. This paper focuses on the link between the fraction of highly educated with tertiary education and the innovation output, measured by the number of EPO patent applications per million inhabitants. Due to the rising mobility of a highly qualified workforce, we have also tested the correlation between the fraction of tertiary educated foreigners and the innovation output. The aim of the paper is to state whether the higher share of a highly qualified workforce and the fraction of highly qualified foreigners correlate with innovation activities within the EU Member States. Given the number of EU Member States, the EU macro-regions division based on the social models of Esping-Andersen (1990), Sapir (2005), as well as Dolwik and Martin (2014) will be applied.

scholarly journals GEOGRAPHIC DATA AS PERSONAL DATA IN FOUR EU MEMBER STATES

2016 ◽  
Vol III-2 ◽  
pp. 151-157
Author(s):  
A. J. de Jong ◽  
B. van Loenen ◽  
J. A. Zevenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Data Protection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Directive ◽  
Geographic Data ◽  
Protection Legislation ◽  
The Eu

The EU Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data aims at harmonising data protection legislation in the European Union. This should promote the free flow of products and services within the EU. This research found a wide variety of interpretations of the application of data protection legislation to geographic data. The variety was found among the different EU Member States, the different stakeholders and the different types of geographic data. In the Netherlands, the Data Protection Authority (DPA) states that panoramic images of streets are considered personal data. While Dutch case law judges that the data protection legislation does not apply if certain features are blurred and no link to an address is provided. The topographic datasets studied in the case studies do not contain personal data, according to the Dutch DPA, while the German DPA and the Belgian DPA judge that topographic maps of a large scale can contain personal data, and impose conditions on the processing of topographic maps. The UK DPA does consider this data outside of the scope of legal definition of personal data. The patchwork of differences in data protection legislation can be harmonised by using a traffic light model. This model focuses on the context in which the processing of the data takes place and has four categories of data: (1) sensitive personal data, (2) personal data, (3), data that can possibly lead to identification, and (4) non-personal data. For some geographic data, for example factual data that does not reveal sensitive information about a person, can be categorised in the third category giving room to opening up data under the INSPIRE Directive.

BIOECONOMY DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL BASED ON MORE EFFICIENT LAND USE IN THE EU

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina PILVERE ◽  
Aleksejs NIPERS ◽  
Bartosz MICKIEWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Green Growth ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Europe 2020 ◽  
Europe 2020 Strategy ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
Key Industries ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Production Resource

Europe 2020 Strategy highlights bioeconomy as a key element for smart and green growth in Europe. Bioeconomy in this case includes agriculture, forestry, fisheries, food and pulp and paper production, parts of chemical, biotechnological and energy industries and plays an important role in the EU’s economy. The growth of key industries of bioeconomy – agriculture and forestry – highly depends on an efficient and productive use of land as a production resource. The overall aim of this paper is to evaluate opportunities for development of the main sectors of bioeconomy (agriculture and forestry) in the EU based on the available resources of land. To achieve this aim, several methods were used – monographic, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, statistical analysis methods. The findings show that it is possible to improve the use of land in the EU Member States. If all the Member States reached the average EU level, agricultural products worth EUR 77 bln would be annually additionally produced, which is 19 % more than in 2014, and an extra 5 billion m3 volume of forest growing stock would be gained, which is 20 % more than in 2010.

THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND COMPARED TO OTHER EU MEMBER STATES

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 634-638
Author(s):  
Joanna Szwacka Mokrzycka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Structure Of Consumption ◽  
The Eu

The objective of this article is to present the standard of living of households in Poland in comparison with other EU member states. The starting point for analysis was the economic condition of Poland against the background of other EU member states. The next step consisted of assessment of the standard of living of inhabitants of individual EU member states on the basis of financial condition of households and the structure of consumption expenditure. It was found that the differences within the EU in terms of economic development and the standard of living of households still remain substantial.

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