A Multivariate Approach to Lexical Diversity in Constrained Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-194
Author(s):  
Marta Kajzer-Wietrzny ◽  
Ilmari Ivaska
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Methodological Framework ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Lexical Diversity ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Word Repetition

Empirical Translation Studies have recently extended the scope of research to other forms of constrained and mediated communication, including bilingual communication, editing, and intralingual translation. Despite the diversity of factors accounted for so far, this new strand of research is yet to take the leap into intermodal comparisons. In this paper we look at Lexical Diversity (LD), which under different guises, has been studied both within Translation Studies (TS) and Second Language Acquisition (SLA). LD refers to the rate of word repetition, and vocabulary size and depth, and previous research indicates that translated and non-native language tends to be less lexically diverse. There is, however, no study that would investigate both varieties within a unified methodological framework. The study reported here looks at LD in spoken and written modes of constrained and non-constrained language. In a two-step analysis involving Exploratory Factor Analysis and linear mixed-effects regression models we find interpretations to be least lexically diverse and written non-constrained texts to be most diverse. Speeches delivered impromptu are less diverse than those read out loud and the non-constrained texts are more sensitive to such delivery-related differences than the constrained ones.

scholarly journals Estimating functional linear mixed-effects regression models

2017 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 153-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baisen Liu ◽  
Liangliang Wang ◽  
Jiguo Cao
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects

scholarly journals A lexical advantage in four-year-old children's word repetition

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Margaret CYCHOSZ ◽  
Michelle ERSKINE ◽  
Benjamin MUNSON ◽  
Jan EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Real Word ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Word Repetition ◽  
Early Speech ◽  
Repetition Task

Abstract This study examined a potential lexicality advantage in young children's early speech production: do children produce sound sequences less accurately in nonwords than real words? Children aged 3;3-4;4 completed two tasks: a real word repetition task and a corresponding nonword repetition task. Each of the 23 real words had a paired consonant-vowel sequence in the nonword in word-initial position (e.g., ‘su’ in [ˈsutkes] ‘suitcase’ and [ˈsudrɑs]). The word-initial consonant-vowel sequences were kept constant between the paired words. Previous work on this topic compared different sequences of paired sounds, making it hard to determine if those results were due to a lexical or phonetic effect. Our results show that children reliably produced consonant-vowel sequences in real words more accurately than nonwords. The effect was most pronounced in children with smaller receptive vocabularies. Together, these results reinforce theories arguing for interactions between vocabulary size and phonology in language development.

Modeling the Spatial Variation in U.S. Airfares Utilizing Geographically Weighted Regression

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-71
Author(s):  
Hilton A. Cordoba ◽  
Russell L. Ivy
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Yield Management ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Local Models ◽  
Multivariate Approach ◽  
Global Models ◽  
Economic Changes

Modeling airline fares is quite challenging due to the constantly changing fare structure of the airlines in response to competitors, yield management principles, and a variety of political and economic changes, and has become more complex since deregulation. This paper attempts to add to the literature by providing a more in-depth look at fare structure using a multivariate approach. A total 6,200 routes between 80 primary U.S. airports are analyzed using linear and geographically weighted regression models. The results from the global models reinforce some of the expectations mentioned in the literature, while the local models provide an opportunity to analyze the spatial variation of influencing factors and predictability.

scholarly journals Orthographic knowledge and lexical form influence vocabulary learning

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAMES BARTOLOTTI ◽  
VIORICA MARIAN
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Orthographic Knowledge ◽  
Bigram Frequency ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Word Acquisition

ABSTRACTMany adults struggle with second language acquisition but learn new native-language words relatively easily. We investigated the role of sublexical native-language patterns on novel word acquisition. Twenty English monolinguals learned 48 novel written words in five repeated testing blocks. Half were orthographically wordlike (e.g., nish, high neighborhood density and high segment/bigram frequency), while half were not (e.g., gofp, low neighborhood density and low segment/bigram frequency). Participants were faster and more accurate at recognizing and producing wordlike items, indicating a native-language similarity benefit. Individual differences in memory and vocabulary size influenced learning, and error analyses indicated that participants extracted probabilistic information from the novel vocabulary. Results suggest that language learners benefit from both native-language overlap and regularities within the novel language.

The development of lexical complexity in second language acquisition

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 69-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bastien De Clercq
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lexical Diversity ◽  
French And English ◽  
Multilingual Corpus ◽  
Lexical Complexity ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Linguistic Proficiency

The development of lexical complexity in second language acquisition has received a considerable amount of attention in applied linguistics research. Many studies have examined the role of lexical diversity, sophistication and density as indicators of L2 proficiency. Few studies, though, have considered the development of lexical complexity from an explicitly cross-linguistic perspective. This article reports on an explorative, cross-linguistic study on the development of lexical diversity, sophistication and density in L2 French and English at four levels of linguistic proficiency. Additionally, the study proposes a number of alternative measures tapping into collocational knowledge and lexical sophistication. The analyses were carried out on a cross-sectional, multilingual corpus of L2 French and English consisting of oral narrative data. The results show a similar development of lexical diversity in L2 French and English, but considerably different developmental tendencies in terms of sophistication and density. The concluding sections discuss possible explanations for these differences and consequences for the measurement of linguistic proficiency.

Learners’ interactions: a comparison of oral and computer-assisted written conversations

ReCALL ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARISOL FERNÁNDEZ-GARCÍA ◽  
ASUNCÍON MARTÍNEZ ARBELAIZ
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Language Context

Previous research has underscored the role of negotiation in providing appropriate conditions for second language acquisition. Varonis and Gass (1985b), in a study of English as a Second Language (ESL), found greater amount of negotiation in non-native–non-native interaction than in native-non–native interaction. Given the increased interest in computer mediated communication and in its applications to language learning, this investigation explores whether those results are obtained when using an electronic written medium. This study compared the negotiations generated by dyads of non-native speakers (NNS–NNS), native speakers (NS–NS), and non-native and native speakers (NNS–NS), in the oral and written modes. The results revealed that the NNS–NS group negotiated in the oral mode significantly more than in the written mode; this group also negotiated significantly more than the other two groups in the oral mode. Learners' shared social and linguistic background seemed to have facilitated the comprehension of input. Conversely, lack of familiarity with native speaker's pronunciation seemed to have caused more breakdowns in the oral conversations of the mixed dyads. Though the results of this study suggest that negotiation is not the main resource to obtain modified input in a foreign language context, other learning strategies that may be beneficial in the language learning process were at use in learner-learner interaction.

scholarly journals Metalinguistic Knowledge/Awareness/Ability in Cognitive Translation Studies: Some Questions

2018 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Halverson
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Metalinguistic Awareness ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Third Language ◽  
Third Language Acquisition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Metalinguistic Knowledge

 Throughout the history of contemporary Translation Studies, theoretical, empirical and pedagogically oriented work has made use of a range of notions that assume a translator’s metalinguistic knowledge, or knowledge about language, rather than knowledge of a language or languages. Examples include ideas such as ‘translation strategies’, translational ‘problem-solving’, ‘the monitor model’ and models of translator competence. Issues related to learning, automatization, and consciousness also figure in many of the discussions. At the same time, studies in bi- and multilingualism and second (and third) language acquisition have also developed a range of related ideas and concepts to deal with some of the same issues and concerns in bi- and multilingual language production more broadly (see e.g. Jessner 2006: 40-43). Some recent translation process studies have begun to target questions related to metalinguistic awareness (e.g. Ehrensberger-Dow/Künzli 2010, Ehrensberger-Dow/Perrin 2009) while the underlying assumptions of some of the commonly used ideas are also being questioned (e.g. Muñoz Martín 2016a). The range of available ideas, the significant differences between them, and the increasingly important role these ideas are playing in cognitive translation research mandate a critical look at this conceptual field. In this paper, I present some current views on metalinguistic knowledge/awareness/ability within the bi- and multilingualism and second language acquisition (SLA) literature, and compare these to some of the most widely used constructs in Cognitive Translation Studies (CTS). The aim is to clear the conceptual ground and to single out some of the most pressing questions to be addressed regarding this particular aspect of translational cognition.  

scholarly journals CSF Aβ38 levels are associated with Alzheimer-related decline: implications for γ-secretase modulators

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Cullen ◽  
Shorena Janelidze ◽  
Sebastian Palmqvist ◽  
Erik Stomrud ◽  
Niklas Mattsson-Carlgren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Decline ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects

AbstractObjectiveShorter Aβ species might modulate disease progression in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here we studied whether Aβ38 levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with risk of developing AD dementia and cognitive decline.MethodsCSF Aβ38 levels were measured in 656 individuals across two clinical cohorts – the Swedish BioFINDER study and the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). Cox regression models were used to evaluate the association between baseline Aβ38 levels and risk of AD dementia in AD-biomarker positive individuals (AD+; determined by CSF P-tau/Aβ42 ratio) with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the association between baseline Aβ38 levels and cognitive decline as measured by MMSE in AD+ participants with SCD, MCI or AD dementia.ResultsIn the BioFINDER cohort, high Aβ38 levels were associated with slower decline in MMSE (β = 0.30 points / sd., P = 0.001) and with lower risk of conversion. To AD dementia (HR = 0.83 per sd., P = 0.03). In the ADNI cohort, higher Aβ38 levels were associated with less decline in MMSE (β = 0.27, P = 0.01), but not risk of conversion to AD dementia (P = 0.66). Aβ38 levels in both cohorts remained significantly associated with both outcomes when adjusted for CSF P-tau levels and remained associated with cognition when adjusted for CSF Aβ42 levels.ConclusionsHigher CSF Aβ38 levels are associated with lower risk of AD-related changes in two independent clinical cohorts. These findings may have implications for γ-secretase modulators as potential disease-altering therapy.

scholarly journals THE OCCURRENCE OF CODE-SWITCHING AMONG MALAYSIAN UNDERGRADUATES ON WHATSAPP: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Othman Ismail ◽  
Adlin Nadhirah binti Mohd Roslan ◽  
Malissa Maria Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Governing Factor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Critical Overview

This research proffers a critical overview of the theoretical and analytical occurrence of code-switching by reviewing a range of empirical and relevant studies. In particular, the dominating and governing factor of computer-mediated communication and code-switching. This research also probes the pertinent concepts, focusing on the types of code-switching and its correlation with computer mediated communication. Subsequently, it reviews the structural features of WhatsApp, deliberating the occurrence of code-switching among UiTM undergraduates in Malaysia, noting the social motivation of style-shifting. The research concludes with recommendations for future research, emphasising on the issue of its applicability to the analysis of second language acquisition and learning. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0950/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

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