scholarly journals Intertextuális utalások II-III. századi phrygiai sírfeliratokon

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-233
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Roman Religion ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Literary Education ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

A Közép-Anatóliában fekvő Phrygia nagy történelmi múlttal, sajátos nyelvvel és kultúrával rendelkező térség volt a Római Birodalomban, ahol az írásbeliséget és az irodalmi műveltséget igen sokra becsülték. A Kr. u. II–IV. század közötti időszakból több száz görög nyelvű epigráfiai emlék maradt ránk, amely mindezt tanúsítja. A síremlékeken feltűnően nagy számban ábrázoltak írótáblákat, tolltartókat és papirusztekercseket, és sehol másutt nem került elő ennyi verses sírfelirat, melyeknek szinte mindegyike zsúfolásig tele van homérosi reminiszcenciákkal és klasszikus mitológiai utalásokkal. Mindez ráadásul nemcsak a városok, hanem a rurális területek lakói – többnyire egyszerű földművesek és állattenyésztők – körében is egyformán jellemző. Az epikus nyelven fogalmazott verses epitáfiumok a görög–római vallás hívei és a keresztények között is népszerűek voltak. Az utóbbiak természetesen bibliai idézetekkel és allúziókkal is bővítették irodalmi repertoárjukat, ráadásul már nagyjából másfél száz évvel a konstantini vallásbéke előtti időszakban.Phrygia in Central Anatolia was an area with a rich historical heritage, its own language, and particular culture within the Roman Empire, where literacy and literary education was highly valued. All this is witnessed by hundreds of Greek epitaphs that have come down to us from the period between the second and fourth centuries A.D. A strikingly large number of these funerary monuments depict writing tablets, styluses, pen cases and papyrus scrolls; and nowhere else have so many metrical epitaphs been preserved in the territory of the whole Empire, filled with Homeric reminiscences and classical mythological references. Besides, this is equally typical of the inhabitants of urban and rural areas – simple farmers and stockbreeders – as well. Poetic epitaphs in an epic language were popular among both the devotees of the Greco-Roman religion and Christians. And naturally, the latter expanded their literary repertoire with Biblical quotations and allusions as early as 150 years prior to the religious peace of Constantine’s reign.

scholarly journals Sol romano y Sol Invictus: circo y ludi en Roma = Roman Sol and Sol Invictus: circus and ludi in Rome

2018 ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Pérez Yarza
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Common Language ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Roman Religion ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Circus Maximus

Resumen: El Sol está presente en todas las religiones antiguas en mayor o menor medida. Numerosas versiones sobre el mismo dios de la cuenca mediterránea entraron en contacto gracias al helenismo y, más tarde, al Imperio Romano, compartiendo teónimos epítetos y simbología. A consecuencia de esto, diferentes epíclesis grecorromanas y orientales del dios desarrollaron un lenguaje común de representación. Pese a todo, la vinculación a los ludi y la cuádriga son un hecho que se mostrará exclusivo del ámbito romano.Abstract: The Sun is present to a greater or lesser extent in all Ancient Religions. Various Mediterranean versions of the same god came into contact due to Hellenism and to Roman Empire later, sharing theonyms, epithets and symbology.  As a result of that, diverse Greco-Roman and Oriental epikleseis of Sun developed a common language. However, beyond formal similarities Sol’s vinculation with Ludi and quadrigae is revealed as exclusively Roman.Palabras clave: Sol, religión romana, Ludi, cuadriga, Circo Máximo, orientalizante.Key words: Sol, Sun, Roman religion, Ludi, quadriga, Circus Maximus, orientalizing.

scholarly journals Mitra-Mithra-Mithras: The Roman Mithras and His Indo-Iranian Background

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 481-491
Author(s):  
Jaan Lahe
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Roman Religion ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Cosmic Order ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
Religious Iconography ◽  
Key Questions

Summary One of the key questions in the studies of the Roman cult of Mithras has been, since the works of F. Cumont, the question about the religious historical origin of the cult – regarding which there is no consensus to this day. Theories about the origin of the cult can be divided into three groups: (1) the so-called “strong” Iranian thesis, according to which the cult was imported from Iran; (2) the so-called “weak” Iranian thesis, claiming that just a few, mostly irrelevant elements of the cult originated in Iran; (3) a radical stance that there is no consistency between the Roman cult of Mithras and the Iranian cult of Mithra and what the two have in common is simply the similar name of a god. The author of this presentation has studied comparatively the character of Mitra in Indian religious literature, that of Mithra in Iranian religious and mythological texts as well as in Iranian religious iconography, and Mithras in the cult devoted to him in Rome, and has concluded that the radical belief common in current Mithras studies, according to which Mithras is connected with Mitra and Mithra only by them having similar names, is just as erroneous as the “strong” Iranian thesis defended by F. Cumont and G. Widengren. Although it is certain that the Roman cult of Mithras is not a cult imported from Iran, but a new cult that originated in the Roman Empire, the author of this presentation maintains that the Roman cult of Mithras contains a series of motifs that can be found both in the Vedas and in Iranian mythological texts: connection of Mitra/Mithras with friendship and a contract of friendship; certain military traits; connection with cosmogony and the cosmic order; connection with light, the Sun and the chariot of Sol; the role of the god as a giver of water and fertility; the idea of a sacrifice that stimulates fertility. Based on the sources linked to the Roman Mithras, in particular the iconography, it may be claimed that a large part of these motifs did not have a peripheral role in the mythology connected with the cult, but they carried an important, maybe even a central role. As the previously mentioned motifs were already interrelated in India and Iran, the author of this presentation believes that their coexistence in the mythology of the Roman cult of Mithras cannot be a coincidence but testifies to the wider Indo-Iranian background of the central figure of the cult, the god Mithras, which should not be ignored even if the Roman cult of Mithras is viewed as a new cult that evolved in the Roman Empire and within the context of the Greco-Roman religion.

scholarly journals Sarajevo-Romanija Region: A Fluid Space between the Rural and Urban

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-303
Author(s):  
Goran Mutabdzija
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Social Objective ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Degree Of Innovation

AbstractIn this paper, emphasis is placed on the complexity of rural-urban relations and their reflection on the important socio-geographical processes, from de-agrarian and migration to the creation of new settlements and strengthening nodality individual centres. A clear polarization in urban and rural areas is more difficult due to the lack of adequate statistical indicators or deployment of institutions with different degree of importance, population density and distance from major city, providing sufficiently clear evidence of the degree of urbanity of local communities. This can be best seen in the Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) which is sparsely populated country with an average of 74 inhabitants/km2. Since there is a clear correlation between this indicator and sustainable development, increasing urbanization rates, which can stimulate economic growth and reduce poverty, is set as the primary social objective. Many developing countries looking for a way better governance of rural-urban relations, as one of the elements of inclusive growth, as a crucial element in the development of any society through innovation (industry) and harmonious territorial relations (urban-rural). Since BiH has a negative historical heritage but also unfavourable indicators of the degree of urbanization (40%), macroeconomic stability (29% of the GDP of the EU average) and the degree of innovation (44% compared to Switzerland) it is clear that should be analyzed and rural-urban relations as one of the signposts along the way of creating a better and healthier society.

Three hundred years of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) persecution in Germany

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SEITZ
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
House Sparrow ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
World War ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Second World

Modernization of agriculture, economic development and population increase after the end of the Thirty Years' War caused authorities in many parts of Germany to decree the eradication of so-called pest animals, including the House Sparrow. Farmers were given targets, and had to deliver the heads of sparrows in proportion to the size of their farms or pay fines. At the end of the eighteenth century German ornithologists argued against the eradication of the sparrows. During the mid-nineteenth century, C. L. Gloger, the pioneer of bird protection in Germany, emphasized the value of the House Sparrow in controlling insect plagues. Many decrees were abolished because either they had not been obeyed, or had resulted in people protecting sparrows so that they always had enough for their “deliveries”. Surprisingly, various ornithologists, including Ernst Hartert and the most famous German bird conservationist Freiherr Berlepsch, joined in the war against sparrows at the beginning of the twentieth century, because sparrows were regarded as competitors of more useful bird species. After the Second World War, sparrows were poisoned in large numbers. Persecution of sparrows ended in Germany in the 1970s. The long period of persecution had a significant but not long-lasting impact on House Sparrow populations, and therefore cannot be regarded as a factor in the recent decline of this species in urban and rural areas of western and central Europe.

Association of Age, Birth order and Family Income with Psycho-social problems in Rural Adolescents

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
Noorul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Rural Adolescents ◽  
Youth Self Report ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: The present age is the age of stress. Everybody is disturbed due to one or the other reason irrespective of their age. However, adolescents are more prone to psychological and sociological disturbances.Objectives:To assess the psychosocial problems in adolescents.Methods: The study was conducted in selected schools of urban and rural areas taking 100 participants each for boys and girls using convenient sampling method. The tool used was youth self report. The data collected was analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.Results: The study revealed that 48.5% adolescents were well adjusted; 47% were having mild psychosocial problems; 4% had moderate psychosocial problems and 0.5% had severe psychosocial problems.Conclusion: Adolescents irrespective of their living places had varying degrees of psychosocial problems. JMS 2017; 20 (2):90-95

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