Three hundred years of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) persecution in Germany

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SEITZ
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
House Sparrow ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
World War ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Second World

Modernization of agriculture, economic development and population increase after the end of the Thirty Years' War caused authorities in many parts of Germany to decree the eradication of so-called pest animals, including the House Sparrow. Farmers were given targets, and had to deliver the heads of sparrows in proportion to the size of their farms or pay fines. At the end of the eighteenth century German ornithologists argued against the eradication of the sparrows. During the mid-nineteenth century, C. L. Gloger, the pioneer of bird protection in Germany, emphasized the value of the House Sparrow in controlling insect plagues. Many decrees were abolished because either they had not been obeyed, or had resulted in people protecting sparrows so that they always had enough for their “deliveries”. Surprisingly, various ornithologists, including Ernst Hartert and the most famous German bird conservationist Freiherr Berlepsch, joined in the war against sparrows at the beginning of the twentieth century, because sparrows were regarded as competitors of more useful bird species. After the Second World War, sparrows were poisoned in large numbers. Persecution of sparrows ended in Germany in the 1970s. The long period of persecution had a significant but not long-lasting impact on House Sparrow populations, and therefore cannot be regarded as a factor in the recent decline of this species in urban and rural areas of western and central Europe.

Migrant Fiction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Innes
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
World War One ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
British And Irish Literature ◽  
Commonwealth Of Nations ◽  
British Commonwealth ◽  
British Commonwealth Of Nations ◽  
Second World

This chapter discusses migrant fiction in British and Irish literature. The end of the Second World War and the closing stages of the British empire brought significant changes, making more complex the ambivalent attitudes of the British towards the peoples of what now became (in 1948) the British Commonwealth of Nations. As it was gradually acknowledged that the expatriate professional and administrative classes in the former empire would be replaced by indigenous persons, increasingly large numbers were sent from the colonies to acquire the British professional training and higher education often required for an appointment in their home countries. It is in this context that migrant fiction, both by and about immigrant communities, was created in Britain in the decades immediately following the Second World War. One response to the disorientation experienced in Britain was to recreate the community back home, to rediscover and understand what one had left.

scholarly journals Promotion of Atheism as a Principle of the Communist Ideology - Case Study: Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-140
Author(s):  
Alin Goron
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
World War ◽  
European Area ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
Scientific Socialism ◽  
Second World

The Communist ideology called for the denial of Christianity as a form of "mysticism" filled with "superstitions", but particularly as one of the factors that impeded social, economic and cultural progress. Scientific socialism, however, was meant to awaken class consciousness, setting Romanian society on a path towards true modernity. Thus a real battle ensued on the ideological front between two entities, the secular and ecclesiastical authorities, arising from the divide between traditional religious beliefs and atheist Marxism. The actions of the authorities against religious propaganda included both practical measures, which involved activities that filled the free time of the villagers, but also coercive measures consisting in political pressure or arrests. In spite of the communist regime's efforts to impose its own cultural agenda, the effects were long overdue, with rather modest results. Romania's forced development was faced with some inherent problems of the process of modernization and industrialization. The forced imposition of a foreign ideology to a conservative Eastern European area relying on obsolete mindsets, a society where 80% of the population lived in rural areas as of the end of the Second World War, required a longer period of time than the regime had originally planned.

scholarly journals A snap shot of space and time dynamics of COVID-19 risk in Malawi. An application of spatial temporal model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Ngwira ◽  
Felix Kumwenda ◽  
Eddons Munthali ◽  
Duncan Nkolokosa
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Rural Districts ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Temporal Models ◽  
Temporal Model ◽  
Second World

Background: COVID-19 has been the greatest challenge the world has faced since the second world war. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of COVID-19 in both space and time in Malawi. Methods: The study used publicly available data of COVID-19 cases for the period from 24th June to 20th August, 2020. Semiparametric spatial temporal models were fitted to the number of weekly confirmed cases as an outcome data, with time and location as independent variables. Results: The study found significant main effect of location and time with the two interacting. The spatial distribution of COVID-19 showed major cities being at greater risk than rural areas. Over time the COVID-19 risk was increasing then decreasing in most districts with the rural districts being consistently at lower risk. Conclusion. Future or present strategies to avert the spread of COVID-19 should target major cities by limiting international exposure. In addition, the focus should be on time points that had shown high risk.

The ‘infernal jitterbug’ and the transformation of popular dance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Abra
Keyword(s):  
Racial Difference ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Ballroom Dancing ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Physical Presence ◽  
Second World

This chapter provides a case study of the jitterbug, an American import which became the great dance sensation of the Second World War. Questions about Americananisation took on a new valence in wartime, owing to the physical presence in Britain of large numbers of American GIs. The dance profession and dance hall industry thus shifted tactics with respect to American culture, choosing to embrace the jitterbug – in a toned down Anglicised form. However, as part of ongoing negotiations with producers, the dancing public expressed greater interest in the ‘authentic’, American jitterbug than the Anglicised versions presented to them by the profession and industry, in ways that reflected contemporary deliberations over racial difference. As a dance, the jitterbug also heralded a critical shift away from modern ballroom dancing as the nation’s favoured style.

Military Feeding during World War II

2020 ◽  
pp. 90-105
Author(s):  
Tom Scott-Smith
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Calorie Counting ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Second World

This chapter examines the foods pushed by military planners, which were long lasting, nutritionally balanced, and easy to transport. This was a period when control and power, which is now so central to relief work, became crucial to humanitarian action in the Second World War. Compared to the expansive visions of “social nutrition” that had proliferated in the interwar period, relief in the 1940s was characterized by technical foods, precise nutritional needs, and calorie counting. The use of surplus rations was a good illustration of the era, as it combined technologies of preservation, nutrition, and ordered portability. Other forms of relief, however, took on a militaristic hue as well. This chapter examines how training programs for relief workers taught new military methods for feeding large numbers of people, how nutrients replaced foods in humanitarian efforts, and how this change in thinking generated a range of new and unusual technical foods.

scholarly journals Whose Life Should Be Reformed?: The Transformation of the Life Reform Movement in Prewar Japan

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Eisuke Hisai
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Small Community ◽  
World War ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Life Reform ◽  
Movement Organizations ◽  
Second World

This paper aims to show that the life reform movement taking place in Japanese cities before the Second World War was not separate from the postwar life reform movement taking place in rural areas; rather, it possessed aspects that were continued after the war. Previous studies have pointed out that life reform movement organizations established in cities in the Taisho period targeted the middle class. However, they have only made fragmentary references to the fact that such organizations instead came to emphasize the importance of farmers, who made up the majority of the population, starting in the late 1920s. This paper is a case study of the activities of the Life Reform League (renamed the Central Association of Life Reform in November 1933), which spearheaded prewar Japan’s life reform movement. The results of this study clarify that the leaders of the life reform movement in the late 1920s and beyond focused on farmers, who made up the majority of the population, as a new target demographic to stop the movement from stagnating. Moreover, they proposed a movement with a foundation consisting not of individuals, but of small, community-based groups. Although many of the organization’s new initiatives never left the planning stages, this change in the organization’s activity policy is nonetheless a clear indication of the process by which the initial principle of “life reform,” concerned with only part of society, transitioned to become a postwar principle concerned with the entire Japanese population.

The Scott Report and the Labour Party: The Protection of the Countryside during the Second World War

Rural History ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL TICHELAR
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Public Opinion ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Party ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Physical Planning ◽  
World War ◽  
The Look ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Way

The article will seek to plot the position of the Labour Party in relation to debates during the Second World War between rural preservationists and agricultural modernisers. It will review the recommendations of the Scott Report into land utilisation in rural areas, and outline recent research into popular attitudes to the countryside. It will then describe the way the Labour Party responded to these developments and draw some longer-term conclusions about their significance in relation to current debates about national identity and the countryside. It will be argued that while the Labour Party supported the need to protect the look of the landscape as part of the nation's heritage and national identity, in line with public opinion at the time, it also sought to encourage the physical planning of both town and country in a way that rejected some of the more anti-metropolitan tendencies of the rural preservationists.

The Moroccan Nationalist Movement: Istiqlal, the Sultan, and the Country

1985 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 289-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. H. Joffé
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
World War ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
Conventional View ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
And Control ◽  
Second World

The conventional view of the Moroccan nationalist movement argues that its success was rooted in the experience of the Second World War in Morocco. However, this overlooks the critical differentiation in popular response to nationalist ideas that developed over the period from 1926 to independence in 1956. Whereas the pre-war nationalist movement was urban-based, with a strong middle-class and Salafiyyist tradition behind it, and picked up support from other urban groups that suffered from the Great Depression in the 1930s, it consistently lacked the essential concomitant of a broad rural base. This was in part due to the effective control of rural areas maintained by the French administration, but also arose from the development of a new élite in rural areas that had a clear interest in acquisition and control of land. Although this group had antecedents that originated from pre-colonial times, it was the conditions of the Protectorate and the development of a money-based economy which allowed it to flourish while other aspects of indigenous economic activity declined. This group, which may be considered to constitute a ‘kulak’ class, thus had an evident interest in supporting the French Protectorate authorities, and little concern for nationalist aspirations, particularly since it was also closely associated with the French administration of rural areas through its role in the caïdat. It was only when this élite found its economic interests threatened, and realized that the nationalist movement had the support of the Sultan, that its political concerns were redirected. This change occurred in 1947 with the Tangier speech, in which Mohammed V implicitly rejected French tutelage and, by inference, turned to the nationalist movement to support his dynasty. The speech coincided with the end of the consequences of the 1945 famine, which gave the nationalist movement its opportunity to extend its network into rural areas. It was this development, rather than the Second World War itself, that ensured the ultimate success of the Moroccan nationalist movement.

scholarly journals Rozbudzanie postaw przedsiębiorczych wśród młodzieży wiejskiej

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 249-255
Author(s):  
Marianna Milewska
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Strategy Of Development ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
The People ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Second World

About 40 % Polish populations live on rural areas. There are not enough people who succeed, who are competitive or who want to do something new. After the Second World War wrong politics stopped the development of rural areas in Poland. John Paul II said: „In order to achieve the whole humanity, each person should go beyond the limits”. We need to know if we want to work for others or for ourselves. There is economic and social diversification on rural areas. The main reasons of many difficulties are: the lack of investment, the weak education, problems with infrastructure and lack of willingness among people. The opportunities of the development in the country depend on people and funds, especially, on a good communication between people and a person who is considered to be a leader. SWOT lets us achieve our aims concerning the strategy of development in the best manner. It is important to give chances of establishing other forms of activity in the agriculture. Young people are not skilled and they do not believe in their abilities. In addition, they do not accept new ideas or they can not work in team. The crisis and the unemployment became grievous to young people who tend to go abroad in a search of job. Each society and country should try to contribute to the development of rural areas by encouraging people to run a business, craft, trade and a modern agriculture. The youth expects interesting projects, educational seminars and other ways of overcoming, for instance, shyness. The most important subject is a man who has a lot of ideas, courage and wisdom. Each person is able to change weaknesses into chances and can face the people who tend to doubt or not believe. We must promote great values and people who are highly skilled and experienced.

scholarly journals On Nutrition, Supply, Harvest and Purchase of Food in the Second World War

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-354
Author(s):  
Marica Karakaš Obradov
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Second World War ◽  
The State ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
World War ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Second World

Due to the production of food and cattle fattening, the Slavonian and Srijem peasants were in the centre of interest of both the state authorities and the partisan movement during the Second World War. Both sides were very preoccupied with finding a way to win them over or force them to give the surplus to one or the other. Unwillingness to cooperate with the state authorities and partisans put the peasant’s both life and property in danger. Sowing, harvesting and other agricultural work were often only possible with an armed escort. The wheat harvests in the Slavonian and Srijem fields in 1942, 1943 and 1944 was followed by the destruction of crops, i.e. burning of wheat and the destruction of threshers. Despite such conditions, the local population managed to meet their needs, and therefore there was no famine. Due to the destruction of transport infrastructure and means of transport, in attacks by partisans and later by the Western Allies’ air force, it was difficult to transport the collected food. The population of Slavonian cities, especially workers and low-income civil servants, were in a difficult position due to irregular and scarce supplies in approvisations; and therefore, they were forced to purchase the basic foodstuffs on the “black market” at extremely high prices. The daily life became even more difficult in 1944 due to air strikes by the Western Allies and the Red Army air force. The paper gives a brief overview of these issue in the cities, mostly with examples from Brod na Savi / Slavonski Brod, and as for rural areas, mostly with examples from the mountain areas and to a lesser ex-tent from the plains, eastern Slavonia and Srijem.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document