The Virus Yellows Epidemic in Sugar Beet in the UK in 2020 and the Adverse Effect of the EU Ban on Neonicotinoids on Sugar Beet Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Alan M. Dewar ◽  
Aiming Qi
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Principal Vector ◽  
Mild Winter ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Early Migration ◽  
Overwintering Survival ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Virus yellows, the disease that was regarded as the worst scourge of sugar beet production in northern Europe in the 20th century, made a dramatic and devastating comeback in 2020, infecting up to 100% of some fields in the Fens of Cambridgeshire, and culminating in 38.1% infection of the national crop, the highest incidence of this pernicious disease since the epidemics of 1974–1976. The causes of the latest epidemic were the consequences of a perfect storm – high overwintering survival of the principal vector, the peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae, following a very mild winter, that resulted in early migration of infective aphids from overwintering hosts into newly emerging beet crops in April. These events, coupled with removal by EU dictate of the most efficient method of controlling the disease, namely the neonicotinoid seed treatments that had kept it under control for the previous 26 years, and the depletion of alternative insecticide spray products, either due to other bans, or having been rendered ineffective by the development of resistance in the vectors, meant that growers were fighting a losing battle almost from the day they sowed their seed. This article examines in detail how the 2020 epidemic developed, and the impact it had on the profitability of the sugar beet industry in the UK, and other parts of Europe. We also argue for a return of neonicotinoid seed treatments in future years to provide more effective control of future pandemics, and thus maintain the presence of this important break crop in arable rotations.

scholarly journals Continued control of pneumococcal disease in the UK – the impact of vaccination

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Gladstone ◽  
J. M. Jefferies ◽  
S. N. Faust ◽  
S. C. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Pneumococcal Disease ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Serotype Distribution ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as the pneumococcus, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed and developing world. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines were first introduced for routine use in the USA in 2000, although the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was not introduced into the UK's routine childhood immunization programme until September 2006. After its introduction, a marked decrease in the incidence of pneumococcal disease was observed, both in the vaccinated and unvaccinated UK populations. However, pneumococci are highly diverse and serotype prevalence is dynamic. Conversely, PCV7 targets only a limited number of capsular types, which appears to confer a limited lifespan to the observed beneficial effects. Shifts in serotype distribution have been detected for both non-invasive and invasive disease reported since PCV7 introduction, both in the UK and elsewhere. The pneumococcal Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-CV, Synflorix; GlaxoSmithKline) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevenar 13; Pfizer) have been newly licensed. The potential coverage of the 10- and 13-valent conjugate vaccines has also altered alongside serotype shifts. Nonetheless, the mechanism of how PCV7 has influenced serotype shift is not clear-cut as the epidemiology of serotype prevalence is complex. Other factors also influence prevalence and incidence of pneumococcal carriage and disease, such as pneumococcal diversity, levels of antibiotic use and the presence of risk groups. Continued surveillance and identification of factors influencing serotype distribution are essential to allow rational vaccine design, implementation and continued effective control of pneumococcal disease.

Application of dextranase in UK sugar beet factories

2011 ◽  
pp. 780-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garry Bowler ◽  
Simon Wones
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Adverse Weather Conditions ◽  
Effluent Treatment Plant ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The results and conclusions from a trial of dextranase addition to draft raw juice at Wissington factory in the UK during the 2009/10 campaign are reviewed with emphasis on the impact on factory throughput and other key operational parameters. The trial demonstrated a significant benefit on second carbonation filtration which resulted in increased throughput, reduction in process chemicals usage, improved operational stability, a reduction in limesalts and the amount of water discharged to the site effluent treatment plant. In the UK the 2010/11 campaign was severely affected by adverse weather conditions and further experience was gained from additional dextranase trials conducted at all British Sugar sites.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

Exploring the Benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the Mechanism for Automated 5D BIM Quantification Process in Offsite Modular Construction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Moses ◽  
David Heesom ◽  
David Oloke ◽  
Martin Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Automated Quantification ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Project Risks ◽  
Value Add ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level 2

The UK Construction Industry through its Government Construction Strategy has recently been mandated to implement Level 2 Building Information Modelling (BIM) on public sector projects. This move, along with other initiatives is key to driving a requirement for 25% cost reduction (establishing the most cost-effective means) on. Other key deliverables within the strategy include reduction in overall project time, early contractor involvement, improved sustainability and enhanced product quality. Collaboration and integrated project delivery is central to the level 2 implementation strategy yet the key protocols or standards relative to cost within BIM processes is not well defined. As offsite construction becomes more prolific within the UK construction sector, this construction approach coupled with BIM, particularly 5D automated quantification process, and early contractor involvement provides significant opportunities for the sector to meet government targets. Early contractor involvement is supported by both the industry and the successive Governments as a credible means to avoid and manage project risks, encourage innovation and value add, making cost and project time predictable, and improving outcomes. The contractor is seen as an expert in construction and could be counter intuitive to exclude such valuable expertise from the pre-construction phase especially with the BIM intent of äóÖbuild it twiceäó», once virtually and once physically. In particular when offsite construction is used, the contractoräó»s construction expertise should be leveraged for the virtual build in BIM-designed projects to ensure a fully streamlined process. Building in a layer of automated costing through 5D BIM will bring about a more robust method of quantification and can help to deliver the 25% reduction in overall cost of a project. Using a literature review and a case study, this paper will look into the benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the impact of 5D BIM on the offsite construction process.

Report1: Impact of Covid-19 on young people aged 13-24 in the UK- preliminary findings

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liat Levita ◽  
Jilly Gibson Miller ◽  
Todd K. Hartman ◽  
Jamie Murphy ◽  
Mark Shevlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Young People ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Health Anxiety ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Need For Support ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Social Recovery ◽  
The Impact

COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented disruption of normal social relationships and activities, which are so important during the teen years and young adulthood, and to education and economic activity worldwide. The impact of this on young people’s mental health and future prospects may affect their need for support and services, and the speed of the nation’s social recovery afterwards. This study focused on the unique challenges facing young people at different points during adolescent development, which spans from the onset of puberty until the mid-twenties. Although this is an immensely challenging time and there is a potential risk for long term trauma, adolescence can be a period of opportunity, where the teenagers’ brain enjoys greater capacity for change. Hence, the focus on young people is key for designing age-specific interventions and public policies, which can offer new strategies for instilling resilience, emotional regulation, and self-control. In fact, adolescents might be assisted to not only cope, but excel, in spite of the challenges imposed by this pandemic. Our work will feed into the larger societal response that utilizes the discoveries about adolescence in the way we raise, teach, and treat young people during this time of crisis. Wave 1 data has already been collected from 2,002 young people aged 13-24, measuring their mental health (anxiety, depression, trauma), family functioning, social networks, and resilience, and social risk-taking at the time of the pandemic. Here we present a preliminary report of our findings, (Report 1). Data collected 21/4/20- 29/4/20 - a month after the lockdown started).

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