scholarly journals Archaeological Studies of M.G. Moshkova in Orenburg Region in the 1950–1960s and Their Significance for the Volga-Ural Region Archaeology

2019 ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Andrey Evgen’ev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Ural Region ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Volga Ural Region

The article considers the activity on studying archaeological sites of the Bronze Age, the Early Iron Age and the era of the Middle Ages in the east of Orenburg region performed by M.G. Moshkova in the 1950th – 1960th. The group of the Southern Ural archaeological expedition under the leadership of M.G. Moshkova investigated Novo-Kumakskiy and Alandskoe I-III burial grounds. Studying the monuments of the east area of Sauromatian culture allowed to specify borders of their distribution and to reveal manifestations of fire cult in the funeral ceremony. The article introduces the idea of formation of the South Ural early Sarmatian culture on the basis of Sauromatian culture with participation of tribes of the forest-steppe Trans-Ural region and the Aral region in this process. Also M.G. Moshkova revealed and investigated burial and settlement sites of Alakul culture that allowed to make adjustments in the periodization of Andronovo cultural and historical community. Studying the burials of medieval nomads in Novo-Kumakskiy burial ground led to specification of the periodization of South Ural history in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. Thus, works of M.G. Moshkova in the east of Orenburg region promoted the solution of key problems of the Southern Cis-Ural and Trans-Ural history in the 2nd millennium BC – the 2nd millennium AD.

scholarly journals NEW DATA ON THE DENTAL CHARACTERISTICS EXHIBITED BY THE POPULATION OF THE KULAYKA CULTURE IN THE NOVOSIBIRSK OB AREA

2019 ◽  
pp. 140-151
Author(s):  
M.S. Kishkurno ◽  
A.V. Sleptsova
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Dental Morphology ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article covers the results of a study on the odontological series from the Kamenny Mys burial ground (3rd–2nd centuries BC). In this work, we set out to study the genesis of the Kulay population of the Early Iron Age in the Novosibirsk Ob area. The main relations of the population with the groups of adjacent territories, as well as the nature of their interaction with the local groups, were determined. The odontological series from the Kamenny Mys burial ground includes the teeth of 24 individuals: 12 males, 6 females and 10 adult individuals whose gender could not be determined. The anthropological materials were examined according to a standard procedure, which involves the description of the tooth crown morphology considering the archaic features of the dental morphology. Also, an intergroup comparative analysis was performed via the method of the principal component analysis using the program STATISTICA version 10.0. It was established that the dental characteristics exhibited by the Kulayka population reveal signs of mixed European-Mongoloid formation with a significant predominance of the Eastern component. We compared the morphological characteristics of the sample with data obtained for the populations of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age. The intergroup comparison revealed the closest connection between the Bolshaya Rechka culture and the Kulayka group. The studied material provides anthropological confirmation of the interaction between Kulayka (taiga) and Bolshaya Rechka traditions (steppe), drawing on the data about the burial rite and ceramic complexes. The comparison of the Kulayka series with Bronze Age samples suggests that the forest-steppe populations occupying the territories of the Novosibirsk and Tomsk Ob and the Ob-Irtysh areas had no effect on the genesis of the Kulayka population. We suppose that the origins of the Kulayka population in the Novosibirsk Ob area should be traced to the populations from the West Siberian taiga of the Bronze Age, which is significantly complicated by the lack of sufficiently complete and representative series dating back to the specified period from the territory of the Middle Ob area. Further accumulation of anthropological material from the Middle Ob area will provide the opportunity to trace the genesis of taiga populations of the Early Iron Age.

scholarly journals Bracelet from an Elunino burial at the Teleut Vzvoz-I site

2020 ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
I.A. Valkov
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Trace Analysis ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article studies a stone bead bracelet found in an Early Bronze Age burial of the Elunino archaeological culture during the excavation of the Teleut Vzvoz-I burial ground (heterogeneous in time) in the south of Western Siberia (Forest-Steppe Altai). According to a series of calibrated radiocarbon dates, the Elunino burial ground at the Teleut Vzvoz-I site was used in the 22nd–18th centuries BC. The artefact under study was found in double burial No. 16 of the indicated burial ground, on the wrist of an adult (gender is not established). The bracelet in-cludes 66 stone beads, as well as one stone base. This piece of jewellery is unique in terms of technique, as well as the sacral meaning embedded in it. The ornament found on the beads bears no analogies to those discovered in the well-known Bronze Age archaeological sites of Western and Eastern Siberia. The present publication con-siders the morphological and raw material characteristics of the bracelet, as well as the specifics of its production and use. In this study, trace analysis was performed, i.e. the analysis of macro- and micro-traces left on the sur-face of the item as a result of its production and subsequent use. All traces were examined using an MBS-10 stereoscopic microscope at a magnification of ×16–56. It was found that some of the beads in the bracelet were made of serpentinite. The nearest sources of this stone are at least 250–300 km away from Teleut Vzvoz-I. The beads are made by counter-drilling, drilling of blind holes, polishing and grinding. This find is unique due to orna-mental compositions found on several beads in the form of oblique notches on side faces. The extremely small size of the beads (average diameter of 3.3 mm; average thickness of 1.4 mm) makes the pattern invisible to the naked eye. Thus, it is concluded that the ornament had a sacred meaning, and the bracelet itself served as an amulet. Despite no finds of ornamented bracelets dating back to the Bronze Age in Western Siberia and adjacent territories, typologically the bracelet bears analogies to the antiquities of the Okunevo culture, the Yamna cultural and historical community, as well as in the materials of the Bronze Age archaeological site of Gonur Depe (Turk-menistan). The study of the bracelet demonstrates the relevance of performing trace analysis of such items from other archaeological sites.

scholarly journals SHIMAILY – A NEW LOCATION OF PETROGLYPHS IN EASTERN KAZAKHSTAN 

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
З. Самашев
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
New Information ◽  
Mountain Goats ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
Animal Images ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Bronze Age

В статье приводятся сведения о петроглифах урочища Шимайлы на территории Тарбагатайского района Восточно-Казахстанской области Республики Казахстан. Наскальное искусство этого памятника охватывает время от эпохи бронзы до раннего средневековья. Основные мотивы изображений бронзового века антропоморфная фигура, зооморфные изображения, колесница, знаки-символы и предметы вооружения. Основу звериного образа наскальных изображений Шимайлы бронзового века составляет триада рогатых животных: бык, горный козел/архар, олень. В репертуар петроглифов эпохи бронзы входят также и другие травоядные животные, хищные звери и птицы. Последние представлены изображениями дрофы, которые чаще всего включены в состав многофигурных композиций. Хищники представлены фигурами волков, которые преследуют или терзают парнокопытных. К переходному периоду от эпохи бронзы к раннему железному веку в Шимайлы относятся образы птицеголовых или клювастых оленей, идентичные фигурам на так называемых оленных камнях. К раннесакскому и развитому сакскому периодам относятся изображения оленей поджарых, в летящей позе и/или стоящих на кончиках копыт, с большими глазами, ветвистыми откинутыми назад рогами. Зафиксированы тамги средневековых народов. The article includes new information on the petroglyphs of the Shimaily (Tarbagatai district of the East Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan). The imagery of this rock art site is related to the period from the Bronze Age to the Early Middle Ages. The main images of the Bronze Age are an anthropomorphic figure, numerous zoomorphic images, a chariot, depictions of weapons, signs and symbols. Animal images are basically represented by the figures of bulls, mountain goats and deer. Other herbivores are also depicted as well as predators and birds. The latter are represented by images of bustards, which are most often included in the multi-figure compositions. Predators are mostly wolves that shown in the scenes of pursuing or tormenting the artiodactyls. Another series of images in Shimaily refers to the transitional period from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age. These are birdheaded or beaked deer, identical to the figures depicted on the so-called deer stones. The Early Saka and developed Saka periods include a series of typical deer figures: theiy are lean, flying and/or standing on the tips of the hoofs, with large eyes, with branchy antlers thrown back. The tamga-signs of the medieval peoples are also recorded in Shimaily.

scholarly journals Ancient Xinjiang mitogenomes reveal intense admixture with high genetic diversity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. eabd6690
Author(s):  
Wenjun Wang ◽  
Manyu Ding ◽  
Jacob D. Gardner ◽  
Yongqiang Wang ◽  
Bo Miao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Genetic Admixture ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic History ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic Continuity ◽  
The Bronze Age

Xinjiang is a key region in northwestern China, connecting East and West Eurasian populations and cultures for thousands of years. To understand the genetic history of Xinjiang, we sequenced 237 complete ancient human mitochondrial genomes from the Bronze Age through Historical Era (41 archaeological sites). Overall, the Bronze Age Xinjiang populations show high diversity and regional genetic affinities with Steppe and northeastern Asian populations along with a deep ancient Siberian connection for the Tarim Basin Xiaohe individuals. In the Iron Age, in general, Steppe-related and northeastern Asian admixture intensified, with North and East Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with northeastern Asians and South Xinjiang populations showing more affinity with Central Asians. The genetic structure observed in the Historical Era of Xinjiang is similar to that in the Iron Age, demonstrating genetic continuity since the Iron Age with some additional genetic admixture with populations surrounding the Xinjiang region.

scholarly journals Historic and Cultural Situation at the Turn of the Bronze and Iron Ages in the Trans-Urals

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 24-42
Author(s):  
Zimina O. ◽  
◽  
Anoshko O. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Complete Replacement ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Local Standard ◽  
Archaeological Materials ◽  
House Building ◽  
Transformation Processes ◽  
The Bronze Age

The article is devoted to the generalization and systematization of archaeological materials obtained during the excavations of sites of the late Bronze and early Early Iron Ages on the territory of the Trans-Urals. Comparative characteristics of the main life-supporting elements (settlement system, settlement planning, house-building, economy, ceramic production) of the carriers of the Mezhovka, Barkhatovo, Gamayun, Itkul (Iset) and Baitovo cultures made it possible for the authors to present one of the options for the development of the cultural-historical situation in the Trans-Urals forest-steppe and subtaiga zones at the turn of the Bronze and Iron epochs. Qualitative and quantitative data indicate dynamic transformation processes during this period, confirm the synchronicity of the Mezhovka and Barkhatovo cultures, the alien character of the Gamayun and Itkul (Iset) groups at the end of the Bronze Age and the continuity of the Barkhatovo-Baitovo antiquities. At the initial stage of the early Iron Age, representatives of the Itkul culture shared the space of the forest-steppe — subtaiga with the Baitovo communities. The alien traditions are becoming obsolete and there is a complete replacement of the local “standard” — Baitovo before the spread of the Sargat-Gorokhov influence. Keywords: Trans-Urals, complexes with cross ornamentation pottery, Barkhatovo Culture, Gamayun Culture, Itkul Culture, Baitovo Culture

scholarly journals Ancient archaeological complexes of southern part of Khantau Mountains

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
Alexander Anatolievich Goryachev ◽  
Vladimir Vasilyevich Saraev
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Tien Shan ◽  
New Materials ◽  
Materials Analysis ◽  
Communication Processes ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
The Bronze Age

The paper introduces new materials about archaeological monuments of the paleometal period and early nomads of the Khantau Mountains into scientific circulation. This region is the main one in the communication processes among the ancient population of the Central Kazakhstan steppes and the foothill areas of all North Tien Shan and Jetysu in particular. The southwestern slopes and the southern part of the Khantau Mountains were explored by the expedition of Archaeology Institute named after A.Kh. Margulan in 2017-2018, where series of ancient settlements, burial grounds and petroglyphs of the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age were discovered. The materials of archaeological complex Kojabala show patterns of settlements location and burial grounds, which reflect the tradition of economic and cultural development of the region in Ancient times. We can associate the origin and existence of Kojabala-I burial with the process of Andronovo community Fedorovsky tribal groups migration from Central Kazakhstan in the XV and at the turn of the XIV-XIII centuries BC. The Bronze Age Kojabala tract materials analysis let us to assume, that economic and ethno-cultural intercourses of the population of Central Kazakhstan and Jetysu in this period were close. Such conclusion has perspective direction for further researches.

scholarly journals The Biocultural Context of Dental Modification in Prehistoric Southeast Asia

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Newton ◽  
Kate Domett
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
The Bronze Age ◽  
Mainland Southeast Asia ◽  
Regional Perspective

This chapter synthesizes documented evidence of intentional dental modification in prehistoric mainland Southeast Asia. Through previously published work, potential reasons for the practice of ablation and filing are explored, examining archaeological sites spanning the Neolithic to late Iron Age. Cases of intentional ablation have been documented throughout prehistoric Southeast Asia, however, evidence to date indicates cases have been limited to Neolithic and Iron Age sites with only four tentative cases of intentional ablation in the Bronze Age. The increasing number of samples from newly documented sites in Cambodia, including the first evidence of filing in this region, and previously documented evidence from other parts of Southeast Asia, such as Thailand and Vietnam, allows the opportunity to systematically examine ablation and filing patterns from a regional perspective and put it into worldwide context.

scholarly journals Architectural Traditions of the Trans-Urals Forest- Steppe Population in the Early Iron Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 7-23
Author(s):  
Berlina S. ◽  
◽  
Tsembalyuk S. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
House Construction ◽  
Pillar Structure ◽  
The Bronze Age

By the beginning of the Early Iron Age, under the influence of climatic and socio-political factors, the population of the forest-steppe had several traditions of housing construction. First of all, they were expressed in the variety of types of dwellings and techniques of their construction. During the Transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, the population of the Itkul culture had small above-ground framed buildings. The Baitovo population that replaced them at the beginning of the Early Iron Age has already recorded two types of buildings — above-ground framed buildings and and dwellings with cribbed walls. In the Gorokhovo-Sargat time, an unprecedented flourishing of house construction is marked. The Gorokhovo population has buildings with the ‘zaplot’ walls (i.e., built using vertical wooden posts with a lengthwise recess in which timber logs or panels are inserted), and dwellings with cribbed walls, frame-and-pillar structure are widely distributed. The presence of certain standards and traditions in architecture can be traced. The population of the Sargat culture built at least five types of dwellings: insulated and light cone-shaped, those built in the frame-and-pillar technique, dwellings with ‘zaplot’ walls, and cribbed dwellings. A feature that has clearly manifested itself in Sargat housing construction is the articulation of several chambers, different in structure and functions, into one household complex. Keywords: Western Siberia; Early Iron Age; dwelling; Itkul Culture; Baitovo Culture; Gorokhovo Culture

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