Confronting the Problems of Professional Sports: A Public Policy Response to Franchise Relocation and Stadium Subsidization

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor F Brinkman
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Sports Finance ◽  
Sports Venues ◽  
Benefits And Costs

During the past decade, forty-six professional sports venues were constructed in the United States, while only 16 expansion teams were created by the major sports leagues. Nearly two thirds of these newly built stadiums and arenas were funded with public tax revenues, despite substantial evidence showing no positive economic impact of new sports stadium construction on local communities. In reviewing the economic literature, this article investigates the role of professional sports organizations in the construction and public subsidization of new sports venues. Franchise relocation and public stadium subsidization is a direct result of the monopoly power of professional sports leagues, whose franchise owners extract large subsidies from their host communities by threatening to relocate to viable alternative locations. After explaining how the most common methods of stadium subsidization project a disproportionate allocation of the benefits and costs of hosting a professional team to local community interests, this article outlines several considerations for local policymakers who seek to reinvigorate public discussion of equity concerns in professional sports finance.

Financial Returns in Major League Soccer

2021 ◽  
pp. 152700252110227
Author(s):  
John Charles Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ownership Structure ◽  
North American ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Professional Soccer ◽  
Major League Soccer ◽  
Major League ◽  
Sports Leagues

Major League Soccer (MLS) is the top-tier professional soccer league serving the United States and Canada. This study examines factors hypothesized to impact consumer demand for professional sports on team revenue in this nascent league. The estimates are consistent with positive returns to performance, novelty effects from newer teams, and varying impacts from roster quality and composition. Other factors hypothesized to be important for MLS teams (e.g., stadium quality and market demographics) are not associated with team revenue. The estimates are similar to findings in other major North American sports leagues, even though MLS operates with a unique single-entity ownership structure that has the potential to disincentivize individual team investments by league owners.

Dynamic pricing usage in sports for revenue management

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 913-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrien Bouchet ◽  
Michael Troilo ◽  
Brian R. Walkup
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Business Analytics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Job Title ◽  
Travel Services

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which dynamic pricing is utilized in North American professional sports. While industries such as airlines and travel services have employed dynamic pricing for decades, professional sports is only now starting to adopt it. Design/methodology/approach The authors survey and interview high ranking executives and managers in North American sports organizations. A total of 72 managers and executives from the four major North American professional sports leagues as well as other sport properties were surveyed. Descriptive statistics and a basic regression provide insight into perceptions v. actual practice among sports organizations. Findings While most sports organizations perceive high usage of dynamic pricing within their organization, current procedures lag. Nearly 70 percent of respondents believe that their organizations frequently or always apply business analytics to dynamic pricing, but only 30 percent update their prices daily. Fully 50 percent of organizations do not automate decision-making processes, which is a hallmark of dynamic pricing. The perception of constant use of analytics in dynamic pricing intensifies as job title increases. Originality/value As one of the initial surveys looking at the usage of dynamic pricing in North American professional sports, this study provides a glimpse into both the perception and the reality. It suggests that there is still ample room for improvement.

Parking at Sporting Event Stadiums in Denver, Colorado

2013 ◽  
Vol 2359 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Henao ◽  
Wesley E. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Sporting Event ◽  
Sports Venues ◽  
Parking Demand

Millions of people in the United States travel by personal automobile to attend professional sports matches played at various stadiums. Engineering and planning publications lack information on parking provisions for major sporting events. The results from this paper on parking outcomes suggest that the current parking provisions are not efficient. This case study examines parking supply, parking utilization, event auto occupancy, and event auto modal share at four major professional sports venues in the Denver, Colorado, region. The percentage of parking supply per parking demand was calculated for several surveyed games in terms of the average attendance, and parking utilization was evaluated during nonevent periods. In general, the surveys of the games indicated that more parking was provided than was necessary, even when attendance was higher than typical. For an event with average attendance, parking utilization was as low as 65%, with 2.2 persons per vehicle. In contrast, when parking occupancy was high, auto occupancy increased to 3.0 persons per vehicle. With such different carpool rates, as well as evidence suggesting that spectators who travel to some facilities are willing to park and walk farther than a half-mile, the results suggest that parking supply and travel behavior are endogenous and should not be treated independently. This study also considered parking occupancy at nonevent times and found whole-scale underutilization, even in downtown locations with great opportunity costs.

History of Sport Psychology in Cultural Magazines of the Victorian Era

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Brett King ◽  
Brittany L. Raymond ◽  
Jennifer A. Simon-Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spectator Sports ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Magazines ◽  
The 19Th Century

The 19th century can be characterized as a time of avid public interest in team and spectator sports. As diverse and challenging new sports were developed and gained popularity, many articles on a rudimentary sport psychology began to appear in cultural magazines in the United States and Great Britain. Athletes, physicians, educators, journalists, and members of the public wrote on topics such as profiles and psychological studies of elite athletes, the importance of physical training, exercise and health, and the detrimental effects of professional sports to the role of age, gender, and culture in sports. Although a scientific foundation for such observations was largely absent, some of the ideas expressed in early cultural magazines anticipate contemporary interests in sport psychology.

scholarly journals Australian Football in America During COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 533-540
Author(s):  
James Bingaman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Spectator Sport ◽  
Australian Football League ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Grassroots Level ◽  
Short Essay

Despite its relative obscureness in the United States, Australian football has graced American airwaves since the 1990s. The outbreak of COVID-19 in the spring of 2020 paved the way for the Australian Football League to be one of the only professional sports leagues broadcasting games live on American television. Although the Australian Football League would later suspend the season, for at least one weekend, Australian football was the most popular sport in the United States. This short essay pulls from news articles, social media posts, and existing literature to explore this unique time in the American sports landscape by investigating the response to Australian football from fans, the response from media outlets, and the future directions of Australian football in the United States. The increase in exposure could help the Australian Football League become the next big spectator sport in the United States as well as help grow the game at a local, grassroots level.

The “Shifting Line” of Sports Betting Legalization

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Wallach
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
National Collegiate Athletic Association ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Sports Betting ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Federal Laws ◽  
Professional Sports Leagues

This chapter examines the growing and transformative body of law governing sports betting, with a special emphasis on the Interstate Wire Act of 1961 and the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992, the two principal federal laws addressing sports betting. The provisions of PASPA, in particular, will serve as a launch point to a discussion of the true driver behind current efforts to legalize sports betting in the United States: the recent litigation pitting the State of New Jersey against the four major U.S. professional sports leagues and the National Collegiate Athletic Association. This chapter features an in-depth examination of the New Jersey case and explains how court rulings have opened a variety of pathways for states to legalize sports betting and, at a minimum, have compressed the time frame for federal action to repeal or amend PASPA.

COVID-19 and the Changes in Daily Streaming Behavior of Consumers in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
Wesley S. Boyce ◽  
Joseph Morris ◽  
Patrick M. Tracy
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
School Closures ◽  
Internet Users ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

In response to the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, many aspects of day-to-day life were considerably altered. Professional sports leagues, educational institutions, public worship, and workplace closures were commonplace. Quarantines and lockdowns put public life on hold due to social distancing requirements. As a result, internet users increased their web activity as a way of staying connected and passing the time. In this manuscript, streaming activity on Facebook Gaming, YouTube Gaming, Mixer, and Twitch is analyzed to discover changes in consumption. It is compared to school closures and stay-at-home orders in US states to better understand changes in social media platform utilization during the global pandemic. This helps to provide insights into user patterns that firms can consider in planning their future social media efforts.

The cost of players’ injuries to professional sports leagues and other sports organizations

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavneet Walia ◽  
Christopher John Boudreaux
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Direct Treatment ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Playing Time ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Professional Sports Leagues

PurposeMost literature studies have focused on direct treatment costs of injuries. This literature is extended to include the foregone playing time of players as an additional injury cost.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have reviewed the literature on the cost of players’ injuries to professional sports leagues and other organizations.FindingsThe authors concluded that players’ injury costs are substantial and sufficiently variable to be a primary source of financial uncertainty for a team.Originality/valueThis study's value has added risk pooling and league-wide revenue sharing as tools to mitigate the risk of injury costs. Previous literature reviews focused predominately on direct treatment costs.

The Enduring Power of the Sports Broadcasting Act

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Grow
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sports Industry ◽  
Broadcast Network ◽  
United States Today ◽  
Sports Leagues ◽  
Sports Broadcasting ◽  
Enduring Power

This chapter examines a little known, but vitally important, statutory antitrust exemption for the U.S. professional sports industry: the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 (SBA). Under the SBA, league-wide television agreements between one of the four major U.S. sports leagues and an over-the-air broadcast network are immune from challenge under federal antitrust law. As a result, the SBA has played a significant role in shaping the way in which sports are broadcast in the United States today. At the same time, because sports leagues value the protection afforded by the SBA, the threat of repealing the statute has also intermittently given Congress the leverage needed to challenge various league activities that were viewed as harmful to the public interest. Thus, the SBA continues to play an important role in helping to shape professional-sports-related public policy in the United States today.

Counting Money: The US Dollar and American Nationhood, 1781–1820

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-46
Author(s):  
ROBERT GARSON
Keyword(s):  
Early Republic ◽  
Local Community ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Society ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Founding Fathers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Revolutionary America

The success of the Founding Fathers in building a nation has for a long time attracted a sense of marvel. That admiration is well deserved. Political leaders in post-Revolutionary America understood that hard-won liberty could only flourish if there was a popular sense of common enterprise. They needed to create a cultural settlement that gave the idea of national civilization clear meaning. The new state would have to contrast sufficiently to the league of states that had combined to overthrow colonial rule, while still protecting local interests and sensitivities. It was an era that lent itself to imaginative statecraft and the Founding Fathers supplied it through their crafting of a national government and a national society. They appreciated that proper constitutional arrangements would not in themselves suffice to bind the common enterprise. The young republic needed to generate its own cultural and economic mechanisms that would serve to consolidate affinity to the nation. Recent studies on the formation of nationhood in the United States have identified some of these mechanisms in the shape of everyday experience in the forging of an identity that transcended the local community. For example, David Waldstreicher and Len Travers have pointed to the role of festivity and ritual in creation of a national consciousness. They have shown that celebration in the early republic served to reinforce the national implications of the American Revolution.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document