Abstract
Background: During brain development, chemical cues released by developing neurons, cellular signaling with pericytes, and mechanical cues within the brain extracellular matrix (ECM) promotes angiogenesis occurs of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). During brain disease, angiogenesis can also occur due to pathological chemical, cellular, and mechanical signaling. Existing in vitro and in vivo models of brain angiogenesis have key limitations. Methods: Here, we develop a high-throughput in vitro BBB bead assay of brain angiogenesis utilizing 150 μm diameter beads coated with induced pluripotent stem-cell (iPSC)-derived human BMECs (dhBMECs). After embedding the beads within a 3D matrix, we introduce various chemical cues and extracellular matrix components to explore their effects on angiogenic behavior. Based on the results from the bead assay, we generate a multi-scale model of the human cerebrovasculature within perfusable three-dimensional tissue-engineered blood-brain barrier (BBB) microvessels. Results: A sprouting phenotype is optimized in confluent monolayers of dhBMECs using chemical treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and wnt ligands, and the inclusion of pro-angiogenic ECM components. As a proof-of-principle that the bead angiogenesis assay can be applied to study pathological angiogenesis, we show that oxidative stress can exert concentration-dependent effects on angiogenesis. Finally, we demonstrate the formation of a hierarchical microvascular model of the human blood-brain barrier displaying key structural hallmarks. Conclusions: We develop two in vitro models of brain angiogenesis: the BBB bead assay and the tissue-engineered BBB microvessel model. These platforms provide a tool kit for studies of physiological and pathological brain angiogenesis, with key advantages over existing two-dimensional models.
Three-dimensional modeling of human airway development using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived teratomas
