scholarly journals Faded Fonts

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Sundar ◽  
Ruomeng Wu ◽  
Frank R. Kardes
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
Omission Neglect ◽  
Practical Implications

Faded fonts on billboards and signage causes awareness of missing information. In this research, we highlight the importance of fonts in advertising and wayfinding and how it impacts sensitivity to missing information. Across two studies, we demonstrate that disfluency caused by faded fonts can reduce omission neglect. Study 1 establishes the basis for consequences of disfluency on omission neglect as well as its effects on judgments. Study 2 demonstrates that disfluency increases awareness of missing information by reducing response time differences for correctly identifying previously presented versus missing information. Taken together, the two studies demonstrate that disfluency increases sensitivity to absent information. Practical implications to signage and theoretical contributions to research on omission neglect are discussed.

Information Matrices in Latent-Variable Models

1989 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Mislevy ◽  
Kathleen M. Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Information Matrix ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Expected Information ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Information Matrices ◽  
Practical Implications

The Fisher, or expected, information matrix for the parameters in a latent-variable model is bounded from above by the information that would be obtained if the values of the latent variables could also be observed. The difference between this upper bound and the information in the observed data is the “missing information.” This paper explicates the structure of the expected information matrix and related information matrices, and characterizes the degree to which missing information can be recovered by exploiting collateral variables for respondents. The results are illustrated in the context of item response theory models, and practical implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Time for Deliberation and Disfluency on Omission Neglect

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruomeng Wu ◽  
Xiaoqi Han ◽  
Meng Liu ◽  
Frank R. Kardes
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Consumer Information ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Lower Likelihood ◽  
Purchase Likelihood ◽  
Omission Neglect

The use of disfluency in marketing signage has more complex effects than what past research suggests. Time plays an important role in consumer information processing of signage presented disfluently. Three experimental studies suggest that the effects of disfluency on the awareness of missing information, purchase likelihood, and likelihood of future surprise depend on whether consumers have more or less time to process the information. When they have a limited amount of time, disfluency improves their awareness of missing information, leading to not only a lower likelihood of immediate purchase but also less surprise when important omissions are revealed later. Nevertheless, the effects are attenuated when consumers have a greater amount of time.

scholarly journals The enemy has passed through the gate

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Fischbacher-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Senior Managers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organisational Effectiveness ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the potential role that the so-called “toxic triangle” (Padilla et al., 2007) can play in undermining the processes around effectiveness. It is the interaction between leaders, organisational members, and the environmental context in which those interactions occur that has the potential to generate dysfunctional behaviours and processes. The paper seeks to set out a set of issues that would seem to be worthy of further consideration within the Journal and which deal with the relationships between organisational effectiveness and the threats from insiders. Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts a systems approach to the threats from insiders and the manner in which it impacts on organisation effectiveness. The ultimate goal of the paper is to stimulate further debate and discussion around the issues. Findings – The paper adds to the discussions around effectiveness by highlighting how senior managers can create the conditions in which failure can occur through the erosion of controls, poor decision making, and the creation of a culture that has the potential to generate failure. Within this setting, insiders can serve to trigger a series of failures by their actions and for which the controls in place are either ineffective or have been by-passed as a result of insider knowledge. Research limitations/implications – The issues raised in this paper need to be tested empirically as a means of providing a clear evidence base in support of their relationships with the generation of organisational ineffectiveness. Practical implications – The paper aims to raise awareness and stimulate thinking by practising managers around the role that the “toxic triangle” of issues can play in creating the conditions by which organisations can incubate the potential for crisis. Originality/value – The paper seeks to bring together a disparate body of published work within the context of “organisational effectiveness” and sets out a series of dark characteristics that organisations need to consider if they are to avoid failure. The paper argues the case that effectiveness can be a fragile construct and that the mechanisms that generate failure also need to be actively considered when discussing what effectiveness means in practice.

What do we say when we talk about sustainability?

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine A. Owens ◽  
Sasha Legere
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Sustainability Education ◽  
Content Type ◽  
American University ◽  
Know How ◽  
It Impacts ◽  
Frequency Counts ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze how faculty, staff and students at one American University define the term sustainability. Design/methodology/approach – The authors analyze student, staff and faculty definitions by comparing word frequency counts to a list of the 25 most frequently found words in over 100 definitions of sustainability. Next, the authors analyze the definitions through content analysis, producing a list of emergent themes. Findings – The authors find that our definitions do not rate highly when compared to a list of the most frequent words from published definitions, but examining them more closely highlights nuances in understanding. Research limitations/implications – These results can only speak to one university’s population, but may be similar to that of comparable schools. Further studies should include comparisons to a range of campus communities, including environmental leaders and laggards. Practical implications – Administrators and educators at institutes of higher education must determine whether an ambiguous understanding of sustainability is sufficient for their own goals in producing an educated citizenry. Social implications – When a community fails to understand sustainability, it impacts how they conceptualize environmental problems and make decisions to solve them. Originality/value – This study shows that unless one has polled a campus population, one cannot know how its members understand a fundamental concept such as sustainability. It also shows that the work of sustainability education is just beginning.

Individual differences in conflict detection during reasoning

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 1188-1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Frey ◽  
Eric D Johnson ◽  
Wim De Neys
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Error Detection ◽  
Detection Efficiency ◽  
Detection Sensitivity ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
Bias Detection ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Practical Implications

Decades of reasoning and decision-making research have established that human judgment is often biased by intuitive heuristics. Recent “error” or bias detection studies have focused on reasoners’ abilities to detect whether their heuristic answer conflicts with logical or probabilistic principles. A key open question is whether there are individual differences in this bias detection efficiency. Here we present three studies in which co-registration of different error detection measures (confidence, response time and confidence response time) allowed us to assess bias detection sensitivity at the individual participant level in a range of reasoning tasks. The results indicate that although most individuals show robust bias detection, as indexed by increased latencies and decreased confidence, there is a subgroup of reasoners who consistently fail to do so. We discuss theoretical and practical implications for the field.

“I Want to Know the Answer! Give Me Fish ’n’ Chips!”: The Impact of Curiosity on Indulgent Choice

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 1052-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Wang ◽  
Yanliu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Time Delay ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Reward Seeking ◽  
Goal Priming ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract This research examines how incidentally induced consumer curiosity influences subsequent indulgent decisions. Prior research has primarily focused on the effect of curiosity on information seeking in the present domain. The current research goes further to propose that the curiosity effect can spill over to prompt consumers to prefer indulgent options in other, unrelated domains (e.g., food, money). This situation is likely to occur because curiosity motivates individuals to seek the missing information as the specific information reward in the current domain. Such desire to obtain the information reward primes a reward-seeking goal, which in turn leads to increased preferences for indulgent options in subsequent, unrelated domains. Furthermore, the impact of curiosity on indulgent options possesses goal-priming properties as identified by the literature. That is, the effect should (1) persist after a time delay, and (2) diminish when the reward-seeking goal is satiated by the obtainment of a reward before the indulgent task. We conduct a series of studies to provide support for our hypotheses. This research contributes to both curiosity and indulgence decision literature and offers important practical implications.

The Teasing Effect: An Underappreciated Benefit of Creating and Resolving an Uncertainty

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bowen Ruan ◽  
Christopher K. Hsee ◽  
Zoe Y. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Positive Experience ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Resolution Process ◽  
Uncertainty Resolution ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Practical Implications

Seven studies covering diverse contexts show an underappreciated benefit of teasing in information acquisition: first creating and then resolving an uncertainty can generate a net positive experience, yet laypeople do not seek out this process. For example, trivia readers report better hedonic experiences if they are first teased with some missing information and then given that information than if they receive all the information at the same time; however, when given a choice, readers prefer to receive all information at the same time. The authors further show that teasing is hedonically beneficial because uncertainty engenders curiosity and thereby builds a potential for a positive experience, whereas uncertainty resolution satisfies the curiosity and thereby realizes that potential. This research yields practical implications by demonstrating that imbuing an ad with an uncertainty creation–resolution process improves the viewer's attitude toward and increases the viewer's willingness to try the advertised product.

On the Use of POCS for Restoring the “Missing Wedge” in Electron Tomography

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 520-521
Author(s):  
Neng-Yu Zhang ◽  
Bruce F. McEwen ◽  
Joachim Frank
Keyword(s):  
Function Space ◽  
Convex Sets ◽  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Spinal Ganglion ◽  
Fourier Space ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscope ◽  
Energy Bound ◽  
Spatial Boundedness

Reconstructions of asymmetric objects computed by electron tomography are distorted due to the absence of information, usually in an angular range from 60 to 90°, which produces a “missing wedge” in Fourier space. These distortions often interfere with the interpretation of results and thus limit biological ultrastructural information which can be obtained. We have attempted to use the Method of Projections Onto Convex Sets (POCS) for restoring the missing information. In POCS, use is made of the fact that known constraints such as positivity, spatial boundedness or an upper energy bound define convex sets in function space. Enforcement of such constraints takes place by iterating a sequence of function-space projections, starting from the original reconstruction, onto the convex sets, until a function in the intersection of all sets is found. First applications of this technique in the field of electron microscopy have been promising.To test POCS on experimental data, we have artificially reduced the range of an existing projection set of a selectively stained Golgi apparatus from ±60° to ±50°, and computed the reconstruction from the reduced set (51 projections). The specimen was prepared from a bull frog spinal ganglion as described by Lindsey and Ellisman and imaged in the high-voltage electron microscope.

The Differential Effectiveness of the Cognitive Interview Instructions for Enhancing Witnesses’ Memory of a Familiar Event

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali Ginet ◽  
Jacques Py ◽  
Cindy Colomb
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Interview ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Surgical Operation ◽  
Differential Effectiveness ◽  
Correct Information ◽  
Control Instruction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Implications

This study examines the influence of familiarity on witnesses’ memory and the individual effectiveness of each of the four cognitive interview instructions in improving witnesses’ recall of scripted events. Participants (N = 195), either familiar or unfamiliar with the hospital script, were presented with a video of a surgical operation. One week later, an interviewer used one of the four cognitive interview instructions or a control instruction to ask them about the video. Participants familiar with the surgery context recalled significantly more correct information and, in particular, more consistent and irrelevant details than those unfamiliar with the surgery context. Furthermore, the results confirmed the effectiveness of all four cognitive interview mnemonics in enhancing the amount of correct information reported, irrespective of the participants’ familiarity with the critical event. However, their efficacy differed depending on the category of details considered. The practical implications of these results are discussed.

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