Economic damage associated with excess salt intake of Russian people in 2016

AbstractSalt intake as part of a western diet currently exceeds recommended limits, and the small amount found in the natural diet enjoyed by our Paleolithic ancestors. Excess salt is associated with the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, but other adverse effects of excess salt intake are beginning to be recognized, including the development of autoimmune and inflammatory disease. Over the last decade there has been an increasing body of evidence demonstrating that salt affects multiple components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this review we outline the recent laboratory, animal and human data, highlighting the effect of salt on immunity, with a particular focus on the relevance to inflammatory kidney disease.

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STUDIES ON RENAL JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS

Journal of Experimental Medicine ◽

10.1084/jem.102.2.205 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 102 (2) ◽

pp. 205-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 52

Author(s):

Phyllis Merritt Hartroft ◽

W. Stanley Hartroft

Keyword(s):

Adrenal Cortex ◽

Recent Experiment ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Zona Glomerulosa ◽

Juxtaglomerular Cells ◽

Salt Restriction ◽

High Statistical Significance ◽

Excess Salt Intake ◽

Series Of Experiments

Many of the observations made by Deane and associates (8, 13, 14) regarding the effects of salt restriction, excess salt intake, and hypophysectomy on the zonna glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in the rat have been confirmed. A positive correlation (r = 0.63) of high statistical significance has been demonstrated between the degree of granulation of JG cells (JGI) and the width of the zona glomerulosa in 159 rats from 5 series of experiments in which low, normal, and high salt regimens were employed. A somewhat higher correlation (r = 0.81) was obtained when only rats were included from the most recent experiment of the series in which JGI counts were more accurate. Under the conditions of these experiments, therefore, increased granulation and degranulation of JG cells were associated with hyperactivity and suppressed activity, respectively, of the zona glomerulosa. Rats sacrificed 4 to 7 weeks after hypophysectomy were found to have normal JG cells. This finding constitutes another example of the similarity in response of JG cells to that of the zona glomerulosa, which also remained unaltered following hypophysectomy despite atrophy of the rest of the adrenal cortex.

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The Effect Of Excess Salt Intake On Human Blood Pressure

The American Journal of Digestive Diseases ◽

10.1007/bf02886386 ◽

1954 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 180-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

John Mcdonough ◽

C. M. Wilhelmj

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Human Blood ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Excess Salt Intake

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Evaluation of the ExSel® autoquestionnaire to screen for an excess salt intake in patients followed in a nephrology consultation

Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements ◽

10.1016/j.acvdsp.2019.05.101 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. e373

Author(s):

L.M. Montoya ◽

M. Ducher ◽

J.P. Fauvel

Keyword(s):

Salt Intake ◽

Excess Salt Intake

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Salt content in bread in Spain, 2014

Nutrición Hospitalaria ◽

10.20960/nh.1339 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Napoleón Pérez Farinós

Keyword(s):

Salt Intake ◽

Salt Content ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Autonomous Communities ◽

Chloride Determination ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Excess Salt Intake ◽

The Mean ◽

Total Sodium

Introduction: Excess salt intake is associated to the risk of high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Bread is one of the foods that contributes the most salt to the diet in Spain. It is important to monitor the salt content of bread.Objective: To quantify the amount of salt in bread in Spain in 2014, and to compare it to the amount of salt in 2008.Methods: This Cross-sectional study was conducted in Spain in 2014. 1,137 loaves of bread (barra, a Spanish style of bread, similar in shape to a baguette, baguettes and wholemeal) were purchased at bakeries with and without on-site workrooms and at supermarkets in all of Spain’s Autonomous Communities. Salt content (g/100 g bread) was analysed by determining total sodium. In one subsample, 2014 mean salt content was compared to previous data of 2008 salt content (chloride determination).Results: The mean salt content was 2.08 g (SD: 0.32) with a minimum value of 0.30 and a maximum of 3.33. The mean salt content was similar in barra- and baguette-type breads (2.09 g) and somewhat lower in wholemeal. The mean salt was 2.07 g/100 g in breads made with fresh dough and 2.12 g/100 g in breads made with frozen dough. The mean salt content (chlorides) was 1.64 g (SD: 0.42) in 2014 and 1.63 g (SD: 0.37) in 2008. This was not a significant difference (p=0.428).Conclusions: The amount of salt in common bread in Spain remains stable from 2008.

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Excess salt intake promotes M1 microglia polarization via a p38/MAPK/AR-dependent pathway after cerebral ischemia in mice

International Immunopharmacology ◽

10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106176 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 81 ◽

pp. 106176 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Tongshuai Zhang ◽

Dandan Wang ◽

Xuan Li ◽

Yixiang Jiang ◽

Chao Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Ischemia ◽

P38 Mapk ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Microglia Polarization ◽

Excess Salt Intake ◽

Dependent Pathway

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Hypertensive response to chronic NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) treatment is similar in immature and adult Wistar rats

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs20030078 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 483-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Josef ZICHA ◽

Olga PECHÁŇOVÁ ◽

Zdena DOBEŠOVÁ ◽

Jaroslav KUNEŠ

Keyword(s):

Methyl Ester ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Age Groups ◽

Similar Degree ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Immature Rats ◽

Salt Hypertension ◽

Excess Salt Intake ◽

No Bioavailability

The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the blood pressure (BP) response to chronic inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) is exaggerated in young rats, which were reported to develop a more pronounced salt hypertension than the adult ones. The enhanced BP rise in immature rats subjected to excess salt intake might be due either to a generally increased reactivity in immature organisms to these stimuli or to a greater impairment of NO bioavailability that accompanies the development of salt hypertension. To determine between the two alternatives, we have compared the hypertensive response and the extent of NOS inhibition in immature (4-week-old) and adult (12-week-old) male Wistar rats which were treated with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 40 mg/kg of body mass per day) for 4 weeks. BP and NOS activity in the aorta, left ventricle and kidney were determined at the end of the experiment. It should be noted that chronic L-NAME treatment caused a similar degree of NOS inhibition in both age groups (irrespective of tissue examined). There was no significant difference in BP elevation between young and adult animals chronically treated with L-NAME. A strong negative correlation between NOS activity and BP level was observed in separate groups of normotensive controls and L-NAME hypertensive rats. Thus the BP of both normotensive and hypertensive animals seems to be inversely proportional to the production of NO. It can be concluded that there was the same BP rise in both age groups of L-NAME-treated rats in which a similar degree of NOS inhibition was disclosed. This suggests that the altered NO bioavailability (but not the generally exaggerated reactivity to hypertensive stimuli) is the cause of exaggerated hypertensive response observed in immature rats exposed to excess salt intake.

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Genome-wide analysis of gestational gene-environment interactions in the developing kidney

Physiological Genomics ◽

10.1152/physiolgenomics.00035.2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 46 (17) ◽

pp. 655-670 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Lei Yan ◽

Xiao Yao ◽

Dimcho Bachvarov ◽

Zubaida Saifudeen ◽

Samir S. El-Dahr

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Salt Intake ◽

Transcriptional Profiling ◽

In Silico Analysis ◽

Gene Environment ◽

Genome Wide ◽

High Salt Intake ◽

Excess Salt Intake ◽

Developing Kidney ◽

Cell Matrix Interactions

The G protein-coupled bradykinin B2 receptor (Bdkrb2) plays an important role in regulation of blood pressure under conditions of excess salt intake. Our previous work has shown that Bdkrb2 also plays a developmental role since Bdkrb2−/− embryos, but not their wild-type or heterozygous littermates, are prone to renal dysgenesis in response to gestational high salt intake. Although impaired terminal differentiation and apoptosis are consistent findings in the Bdkrb2−/− mutant kidneys, the developmental pathways downstream of gene-environment interactions leading to the renal phenotype remain unknown. Here, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling on embryonic kidneys from salt-stressed Bdkrb2 +/+ and Bdkrb2 −/− embryos. The results reveal significant alterations in key pathways regulating Wnt signaling, apoptosis, embryonic development, and cell-matrix interactions. In silico analysis reveal that nearly 12% of differentially regulated genes harbor one or more Pax2 DNA-binding sites in their promoter region. Further analysis shows that metanephric kidneys of salt-stressed Bdkrb2−/− have a significant downregulation of Pax2 gene expression. This was corroborated in Bdkrb2 −/−; Pax2 GFP+/tg mice, demonstrating that Pax2 transcriptional activity is significantly repressed by gestational salt-Bdkrb2 interactions. We conclude that gestational gene ( Bdkrb2) and environment (salt) interactions cooperate to impact gene expression programs in the developing kidney. Suppression of Pax2 likely contributes to the defects in epithelial survival, growth, and differentiation in salt-stressed BdkrB2 −/− mice.

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