scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF TRANSVERSE FLOW AROUND THE CYLINDER WITH GAS AND LIQUID STREAMS.

2021 ◽  
Vol 101 (09) ◽  
pp. 301-306
Author(s):  
Denis Chemezov ◽  
◽  
Aleksey Kuznetsov ◽  
Semen Galaktionov ◽  
Maksim Perov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Flow

scholarly journals Study of Dependence of Kinetic Freezeout Temperature on the Production Cross-Section of Particles in Various Centrality Intervals in Au–Au and Pb–Pb Collisions at High Energies

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 488
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waqas ◽  
Guang-Xiong Peng
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Momentum ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Production Cross ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Transverse Flow ◽  
Peripheral Collisions ◽  
Momentum Spectra ◽  
Transverse Momentum Spectra ◽  
Transverse Flow Velocity

Transverse momentum spectra of π+, p, Λ, Ξ or Ξ¯+, Ω or Ω¯+ and deuteron (d) in different centrality intervals in nucleus–nucleus collisions at the center of mass energy are analyzed by the blast wave model with Boltzmann Gibbs statistics. We extracted the kinetic freezeout temperature, transverse flow velocity and kinetic freezeout volume from the transverse momentum spectra of the particles. It is observed that the non-strange and strange (multi-strange) particles freezeout separately due to different reaction cross-sections. While the freezeout volume and transverse flow velocity are mass dependent, they decrease with the resting mass of the particles. The present work reveals the scenario of a double kinetic freezeout in nucleus–nucleus collisions. Furthermore, the kinetic freezeout temperature and freezeout volume are larger in central collisions than peripheral collisions. However, the transverse flow velocity remains almost unchanged from central to peripheral collisions.

scholarly journals Analyzing Transverse Momentum Spectra of Pions, Kaons and Protons in p–p, p–A and A–A Collisions via the Blast-Wave Model with Fluctuations

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 803
Author(s):  
Hai-Ling Lao ◽  
Fu-Hu Liu ◽  
Bo-Qiang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Momentum ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Blast Wave ◽  
Proper Time ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Transverse Flow ◽  
Momentum Spectra ◽  
Transverse Momentum Spectra ◽  
Transverse Flow Velocity ◽  
Freeze Out

The transverse momentum spectra of different types of particles, π±, K±, p and p¯, produced at mid-(pseudo)rapidity in different centrality lead–lead (Pb–Pb) collisions at 2.76 TeV; proton–lead (p–Pb) collisions at 5.02 TeV; xenon–xenon (Xe–Xe) collisions at 5.44 TeV; and proton–proton (p–p) collisions at 0.9, 2.76, 5.02, 7 and 13 TeV, were analyzed by the blast-wave model with fluctuations. With the experimental data measured by the ALICE and CMS Collaborations at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the kinetic freeze-out temperature, transverse flow velocity and proper time were extracted from fitting the transverse momentum spectra. In nucleus–nucleus (A–A) and proton–nucleus (p–A) collisions, the three parameters decrease with the decrease of event centrality from central to peripheral, indicating higher degrees of excitation, quicker expansion velocities and longer evolution times for central collisions. In p–p collisions, the kinetic freeze-out temperature is nearly invariant with the increase of energy, though the transverse flow velocity and proper time increase slightly, in the considered energy range.

scholarly journals Imaging and quantifying transverse flow velocity with the Doppler bandwidth in a phase-resolved functional optical coherence tomography

2002 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwu Ren ◽  
Kjell Morten Brecke ◽  
Zhihua Ding ◽  
Yonghua Zhao ◽  
J. Stuart Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Transverse Flow ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Transverse Flow Velocity

Transverse flow at entrance and exit to jet streams

1954 ◽  
Vol 80 (343) ◽  
pp. 112-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Murray ◽  
S. M. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Transverse Flow ◽  
Jet Streams

On characteristics of the water-particle velocity in a plunging breaker

1983 ◽  
Vol 126 ◽  
pp. 251-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeo Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Wave Breaking ◽  
Separate Flow ◽  
Transverse Flow ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Flow Component ◽  
Flow Components ◽  
Flow Drag ◽  
Plunging Breaker

Three velocity components of water particles in a plunging breaker over a horizontal step on the bed of a two-dimensional laboratory wave tank have been determined simultaneously by means of an elaborate flowmeter that measures the flow drag on three ‘tension threads’, with each recording a separate flow component.It is found that all three of the r.m.s. values in the plunging breaker become maximum at x/L ≈ 0·7, where x is the distance from the breaking point to the shore and L is the wavelength. It is found that both the velocity and r.m.s. values of the transverse flow component generated by the shoaling and wave breaking become comparable to those of the other two flow components.On the basis of spectral analyses it is found that major wave frequencies in both the longitudinal and vertical flow components of the original two-dimensional wave survive even after experiencing relatively strong shoaling and wave breaking, and part of the original wave energy is transferred to the transverse flow component and is located at these major frequencies. It is found that the majority of the higher-harmonic-frequency components (or turbulent fluctuations) are generated in the shoaling process and that the wave breaking provides a relatively minor contribution to the generation. Finally, it is found that, through the shoaling and wave breaking, the original wave energy is transported to a frequency range lower than the primary wave frequency (negative cascade), as well as to the higher frequency range (positive cascade) in each flow component.

Thermo-Fluid Design Simulation of Nd3+ POCl3 Transverse Flow Liquid Laser Cavity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Vinod Singh ◽  
Gaurav Singhal ◽  
Prabal Talukdar
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Optical Pumping ◽  
Gain Medium ◽  
Optical Path Difference ◽  
Path Difference ◽  
Transverse Flow ◽  
Optical Path ◽  
Liquid Laser

Abstract CFD based thermal design of a transverse flow optical cavity is carried out for 1 kW Nd3+ POCl3 liquid laser source to investigate temperature and velocity distribution in the optical pumping region of the cavity. Temperature gradient and turbulence both affect the refractive index of the liquid gain medium, which results in optical path difference, divergence and hence, poorer quality of the laser beam. The main purpose of this design is to achieve uniform flow and least temperature gradient in the optical pumping region so that the optical path difference can be minimized and a good beam quality can be achieved. CFD model has been developed for carrying out thermo-fluid simulations for this thermal system and based on these simulations, an optimum geometry of inlet ports along with their position from optical pumping region have been proposed. A user defined function (UDF) is incorporated for the input of spatially varying heat source term in each cell of the optical pumping region of the cavity. Variations in refractive index and optical path difference are estimated from the temperature data using another UDF. Simulation reveals that mass flow rate between 1.5 kg/s to 2.0 kg/s maintains the optical homogeneity of gain medium. Preliminary experiments have been carried out to demonstrate the effect of flow rate on the beam divergence and thereby exhibiting the importance of present simulation work.

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