A Thermodynamic Model of an Industrial Cooling Tower Using Semi Physical Models

SummaryUsing sophisticated computer programs and elaborate physical models, accurate radiative and collisional atomic data of astrophysical interest have been or are being calculated. The cases treated include radiative transitions between bound states in the 2p4and 2s2p5configurations of many ions in the oxygen isoelectronic sequence, the photoionisation of the ground state of neutral iron, the electron impact excitation of the fine-structure forbidden transitions within the 3p3ground configuration of CℓIII, Ar IV and K V, and the mass-production of radiative data for ions in the oxygen and fluorine isoelectronic sequences, as part of the international Opacity Project.

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Cryo-TEM of amphiphilic polymer and amphiphile/polymer solutions

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100150216 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 876-877

Author(s):

Yeshayahu Talmon

Keyword(s):

Microstructural Characterization ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Quantitative Information ◽

Physical Models ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

Time Resolved ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Temperature And Humidity ◽

Microstructured Fluids ◽

Air Streams

To achieve complete microstructural characterization of self-aggregating systems, one needs direct images in addition to quantitative information from non-imaging, e.g., scattering or Theological measurements, techniques. Cryo-TEM enables us to image fluid microstructures at better than one nanometer resolution, with minimal specimen preparation artifacts. Direct images are used to determine the “building blocks” of the fluid microstructure; these are used to build reliable physical models with which quantitative information from techniques such as small-angle x-ray or neutron scattering can be analyzed.To prepare vitrified specimens of microstructured fluids, we have developed the Controlled Environment Vitrification System (CEVS), that enables us to prepare samples under controlled temperature and humidity conditions, thus minimizing microstructural rearrangement due to volatile evaporation or temperature changes. The CEVS may be used to trigger on-the-grid processes to induce formation of new phases, or to study intermediate, transient structures during change of phase (“time-resolved cryo-TEM”). Recently we have developed a new CEVS, where temperature and humidity are controlled by continuous flow of a mixture of humidified and dry air streams.

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3D Data Viewing of Centrifuge Physical Models

GeoCongress 2006 ◽

10.1061/40803(187)283 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hassan Radwan ◽

Tarek Abdoun

Keyword(s):

Physical Models ◽

3D Data

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THE MECHANISM OF RAISING AND QUANTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC HEAT FLUX AT BOILING OF NANOFLUIDS IN FREE CONVECTION CONDITIONS

Energy Technologies & Resource Saving ◽

10.33070/etars.3.2017.03 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 25-34

Author(s):

V.N. Moraru

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Heat Flux ◽

Heat Capacity ◽

Specific Heat ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Heating Surface ◽

Physical Models ◽

Superheated Liquid ◽

Two Phase ◽

Boiling Process

The results of our work and a number of foreign studies indicate that the sharp increase in the heat transfer parameters (specific heat flux q and heat transfer coefficient _) at the boiling of nanofluids as compared to the base liquid (water) is due not only and not so much to the increase of the thermal conductivity of the nanofluids, but an intensification of the boiling process caused by a change in the state of the heating surface, its topological and chemical properties (porosity, roughness, wettability). The latter leads to a change in the internal characteristics of the boiling process and the average temperature of the superheated liquid layer. This circumstance makes it possible, on the basis of physical models of the liquids boiling and taking into account the parameters of the surface state (temperature, pressure) and properties of the coolant (the density and heat capacity of the liquid, the specific heat of vaporization and the heat capacity of the vapor), and also the internal characteristics of the boiling of liquids, to calculate the value of specific heat flux q. In this paper, the difference in the mechanisms of heat transfer during the boiling of single-phase (water) and two-phase nanofluids has been studied and a quantitative estimate of the q values for the boiling of the nanofluid is carried out based on the internal characteristics of the boiling process. The satisfactory agreement of the calculated values with the experimental data is a confirmation that the key factor in the growth of the heat transfer intensity at the boiling of nanofluids is indeed a change in the nature and microrelief of the heating surface. Bibl. 20, Fig. 9, Tab. 2.

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Distributed Modeling Of Building Systems Through Cyber-Physical Integration

Promyshlennoe i Grazhdanskoe Stroitel stvo ◽

10.33622/0869-7019.2019.09.12-17 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 12-17

Keyword(s):

Data Structure ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Physical Models ◽

Distributed Model ◽

Physical Processes ◽

Distributed Modeling ◽

Distributed Models ◽

Operating Modes ◽

Building Systems ◽

Important Practical Application

This article describes the proposed approaches to creating distributed models that can, with given accuracy under given restrictions, replace classical physical models for construction objects. The ability to implement the proposed approaches is a consequence of the cyber-physical integration of building systems. The principles of forming the data structure of designed objects and distributed models, which make it possible to uniquely identify the elements and increase the level of detail of such a model, are presented. The data structure diagram of distributed modeling includes, among other things, the level of formation and transmission of signals about physical processes inside cyber-physical building systems. An enlarged algorithm for creating the structure of the distributed model which describes the process of developing a data structure, formalizing requirements for the parameters of a design object and its operating modes (including normal operating conditions and extreme conditions, including natural disasters) and selecting objects for a complete group that provides distributed modeling is presented. The article formulates the main approaches to the implementation of an important practical application of the cyber-physical integration of building systems - the possibility of forming distributed physical models of designed construction objects and the directions of further research are outlined.

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Roles of externalisation activities in the design process

Swedish Design Research Journal ◽

10.3384/vid.2000-964x.14134 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Maral Babapour Chafi

Keyword(s):

Design Process ◽

Design Research ◽

Research Literature ◽

Physical Models ◽

Future Research ◽

Knowledge Gaps ◽

Design Processes ◽

Digital Modelling

Designers engage in various activities, dealing with different materials and media to externalise and represent their form ideas. This paper presents a review of design research literature regarding externalisation activities in design process: sketching, building physical models and digital modelling. The aim has been to review research on the roles of media and representations in design processes, and highlight knowledge gaps and questions for future research.

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