Influence of previous crops and fungicide seed treatment in the incidence and control of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in cotton seedlings under greenhouse conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-161
Author(s):  
Augusto César Pereira Goulart
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Substrate Surface ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Crotalaria Juncea ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Forage Sorghum ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to verify the influence of previous crops and fungicide seed treatment in the incidence and control of damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani in cotton seedlings under greenhouse conditions. This experiment was carried out during two years at Embrapa Western Agriculture, in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. In addition to cotton (treated and untreated seeds) and fallow, the following cover crops were tested as previous crops: black oats, millet, corn, forage sorghum, soybean, common beans, crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea), brachiaria (Urochloa ruziziensis) and brachiaria (Urochloa ruziziensis) + crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea). The fungicide mixture used as treatment to cotton seeds was triadimenol + pencycuron + tolylfluanid (50 + 50 + 30 g a.i./100 kg seeds). Seeds from cotton and previous crops were sown in soil contained in plastic trays and pots; the seeds were placed in individual and equidistant 3cm-deep wells. Inoculation of R. solani was obtained by homogeneously distributing the fungal inoculum onto the substrate surface (2.5g/tray and 0.34g/pot). The fungus was grown for 35 days on autoclaved black oat seeds subsequently ground to powder using a mill (1mm). Damping-off was daily evaluated from the seventh day after sowing. There was a significant effect of the interaction previous crops x fungicide treatment (P<0.05). The fungicide seed treatment was efficient in controlling seedling damping-off caused by R. solani and its effect was potentiated when grasses were the previous crops. Use of grasses such as brachiaria (Urochloa ruziziensis), black oats, millet, corn and forage sorghum as previous crops, besides fallow, significantly contributed to a smaller R. solani population in the soil, which resulted in lower rates of cotton seedling damping-off. On the other hand, using cotton continuously, as well as the legumes soybeans, beans, crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea), and brachiaria (Urochloa ruziziensis) + crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea) as previous crops to cotton, was consistently associated with higher rates of seedling damping-off, contributing to the increase or at least the maintenance of R. solani inoculum in the soil. The highest damping-off percentages were observed in plots under continuous cotton cultivation without fungicide seed treatment. The present results reinforce the need of improving damping-off control in cotton seedlings by adopting integrated management programs in areas infested with R. solani.

scholarly journals Biology and control of Rhizoctonia solani on rapeseed : A Review

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
The United States ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
And Control

Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 is the principal pathogen causing damping-off and seedling and mature plant root rot (brown girdling root rot) in oilseed rape and canola (Brassica napus and B. rapa) in western Canada and the United States; AG4 isolates mainly attack adult plants and cause basai stem rot. Seedling infection by AG2-1 is favoured by cool weather atthe time of planting, whereas warm weather late in the growing season is more conducive for infection of mature plants by AG4 isolates. Survey data show that disease development is favoured by high soil moisture, low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and high levels of copper in fine-textured soils. Moderate resistance in condiment mustard (Sinapis alba) and some other species appears to be genetically controlled and should be utilised in breeding programmes. Carboxin and iprodione in mixtures with insecticide gamma-HCH are recommended in Canada as seed treatments to control damping-off and seedling root rot, but do not control brown girdling root rot.

scholarly journals Screening of Seed Treatment Fungicide for Control of Damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani on Panax ginseng

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-427
Author(s):  
Jeong-Seop Shin ◽  
Seung-Hwan Lee ◽  
Hye-Sun Cho ◽  
Dae-Hui Cho ◽  
Kyoung-Ju Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Panax Ginseng ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Damping Off

scholarly journals Benefits of Cotton Seed Treatments for the Control of Seedling Diseases in Relation to Inoculum Densities of Pythium Species and Rhizoctonia solani

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 766-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Davis ◽  
J. J. Nunez ◽  
K. V. Subbarao
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Pythium Species ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Pathogen Populations

Twenty-five field trials conducted over a 3-year period in five San Joaquin Valley counties included the following treatments: nontreated cotton seed; seed treated with myclobutanil for the control of Rhizoctonia solani-induced damping-off; seed treated with metalaxyl for the control of Pythium-induced damping-off; and seed treated with a combination of the two fungicides. The following parameters were measured: soil populations of Pythium spp. and R. solani at planting, soil temperature at planting, air temperatures for 5 days after planting, soil particle analysis, EC, calcium, pH, organic matter, and plant stands from each treatment. In 1993 and 1994, myclobutanil and the combination of the two fungicides resulted in improved stands in 15 of 18 fields. Metalaxyl did not increase stands in any field in 1993 to 1994. In 1995, the combination of fungicides increased stands relative to the nontreated seeds and was more effective in increasing stands than myclobutanil or metalaxyl alone. Pythium populations were much greater in 1995 than in 1993 to 1994 and may explain the increase in plant stands with the combination of fungicides and metalaxyl alone. Covariate analysis of the data indicated no relationship between stand increases from fungicide seed treatment and any of the soil parameters measured. Heat units following planting were not limiting and had no effect on stands. Populations of pathogens were not related to benefits of fungicides, with the exception of a negative correlation between stand increases from seed treatment with myclobutanil and Pythium populations. Apparently, seed protected with a fungicide active against R. solani were more susceptible to infection by Pythium spp. In general, the fungicide seed treatment active against R. solani increased stands of the cultivar Maxxa regardless of soil type and pathogen populations. Increased stands from the metalaxyl treatment occurred in 1 of the 3 years of the study.

scholarly journals Pea seed treatment for Rhizoctonia solani control

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Pereira da Silva ◽  
Raquel Alves de Freitas ◽  
Warley Marcos Nascimento
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Physiological Quality ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Pea Seed

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of fungicides for pea seed treatment against damping-off caused by Rhizoctonia solani and to verify their effects on physiological seed quality. 'Mikado' pea seeds were treated with the following fungicides: Carbendazim, Carbendazim + Thiram, Captan, Iprodione, Iprodione + Thiram, Metalaxyl-M + Fludioxonil, Pencycuron, Procymidone and Tolyfluanid. Control seeds were treated with deionized water. Physiological seed quality was evaluated with the following tests: germination, first count, accelerated aging and electrical conductivity. Seeds were sown in soil inoculated and no inoculated with R. solani. The experimental design was completely random with four replications. Seedling emergence was reduced in inoculated soil and the best treatments for R. solani control were Carbendazim, Pencycuron, Iprodione and Carbendazim + Thiram. Captan reduced seed physiological quality in both the laboratory and field.

scholarly journals Response of Cover Crops to Phytopythium vexans, Phytophthora nicotianae, and Rhizoctonia solani, Major Soilborne Pathogens of Woody Ornamentals

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Milan Panth ◽  
Anthony Witcher ◽  
Fulya Baysal-Gurel
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Production System ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Phytophthora Nicotianae ◽  
Soilborne Pathogens ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Root Rot Disease ◽  
Rot Disease

Management of plant diseases is a subject of concern for researchers as well as growers. Different management practices are being developed and used to combat the rising number of plant pathogens, which threaten nursery crop production. Use of cover crops for sustainable management of soilborne diseases is being explored as an alternative strategy to the chemicals. However, the potential threat of these cover crops acting as a secondary host of these devastating soilborne pathogens has not been described. We studied the response of the major cover crops being used by woody ornamental growers in the Southeastern United States to Phytopythium vexans, Phytophthora nicotianae, and Rhizoctonia solani in greenhouse conditions to identify the effective cover crops that can be used in a nursery field production system. Data related to post-emergence damping-off and plant growth parameters (plant height increase and fresh weight) were recorded. Similarly, cover crop roots were assessed for root rot disease severity using a scale of 0–100% roots affected. Among the tested cover crops, the grass cover crops triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus.), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.), Japanese millet (Echinochloa esculenta (A. Braun) H. Scholz), and the legumes Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir) and cowpea ‘Iron and Clay’ (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), showed lower root rot disease severity and post-emergence damping-off in the soil inoculated with P. nicotianae, R. solani, or P. vexans compared to the other crops. Since these cover crops can act as non-host crops and benefit the main crop in one way or another, they can be used in the production system. Further research is recommended to evaluate their performance in a natural field setting.

scholarly journals Induction of Terpenoid Synthesis in Cotton Roots and Control of Rhizoctonia solani by Seed Treatment with Trichoderma virens

2000 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Howell ◽  
L. E. Hanson ◽  
R. D. Stipanovic ◽  
L. S. Puckhaber
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Trichoderma Virens ◽  
Seedling Disease ◽  
Treated Seed ◽  
And Control

Research on the mechanisms employed by the biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens to suppress cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedling disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani has shown that mycoparasitism and antibiotic production are not major contributors to successful biological control. In this study, we examined the possibility that seed treatment with T. virens stimulates defense responses, as indicated by the synthesis of terpenoids in cotton roots. We also examined the role of these terpenoid compounds in disease control. Analysis of extracts of cotton roots and hypocotyls grown from T. virens-treated seed showed that terpenoid synthesis and peroxidase activity were increased in the roots of treated plants, but not in the hypocotyls of these plants or in the untreated controls. Bioassay of the terpenoids for toxicity to R. solani showed that the pathway intermediates desoxyhemigossypol (dHG) and hemigossypol (HG) were strongly inhibitory to the pathogen, while the final product gossypol (G) was toxic only at a much higher concentration. Strains of T. virens and T. koningii were much more resistant to HG than was R. solani, and they thoroughly colonized the cotton roots. A comparison of biocontrol efficacy and induction of terpenoid synthesis in cotton roots by strains of T. virens, T. koningii, T. harzianum, and protoplast fusants indicated that there was a strong correlation (+0.89) between these two phenomena. It, therefore, appears that induction of defense response, particularly terpenoid synthesis, in cotton roots by T. virens may be an important mechanism in the biological control by this fungus of R. solani-incited cotton seedling disease.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Microbial, Botanical, and Organic Treatments for Control of Peanut Seedling Diseases

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Ruark ◽  
B. B. Shew
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Coniothyrium Minitans ◽  
Untreated Seed

Diseases affecting stand establishment are a major obstacle to organic production of peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Stand losses of 50% or more are possible with untreated seed. Biological, botanical, and organic seed treatments or soil amendments were tested for efficacy against pre- and postemergence damping-off of peanut in greenhouse, microplot, and field plot trials. Seed of the lines Perry, GP-NC 343, and Bailey (tested as N03081T) were used in all trials. Commercial formulations of Bacillus subtilis (Kodiak), B. pumilus (Yield Shield), Trichoderma harzianum (T-22 PB and Plantshield HC), Muscodor albus, and Coniothyrium minitans (Contans); activated charcoal; two separate soil amendments of dried herbage of Monarda didyma cultivars; a commercial fungicide control (Vitavax PC); and an untreated control were tested in natural soil in the greenhouse. Vitavax PC and Kodiak were the only treatments that resulted in higher percent emergence and survival than in untreated seed. A separate greenhouse experiment was conducted in natural soil or natural soil infested with field isolates of Aspergillus niger. Seed were treated with Kodiak, copper hydroxide (Champion), Plantshield HC, Kodiak + Plantshield HC, Streptomyces griseoviridis (Mycostop), hot water, Vitavax PC, or were left untreated. Seedling emergence and survival was much lower in infested versus uninfested soil. Seed treatment with Kodiak increased percent emergence and survival compared to untreated seed, but was not as effective as Vitavax PC. Field microplot studies in 2007 and 2008 at Clayton, NC, evaluated four seed treatments on the peanut lines following small grain cover crops, soil amendment with M. albus, or no cover. Cover crops did not affect emergence or interact with seed treatments. In field studies in 2007 and 2008 at Lewiston, NC, the peanut lines were planted with M. albus infurrow, with Kodiak or T. harzianum seed treatments, or were untreated. In the 2007 trial, none of the treatments improved stands compared to the untreated check. In 2008, the highest stand counts were produced by seed treated with Kodiak. In both years, Bailey produced the greatest stand counts. A. niger was strongly associated with postemergence damping-off in the field. Regardless of peanut line, in many trials, Kodiak seed treatment increased emergence and survival over untreated seed.

scholarly journals Effect of Seed Quality and Combination Fungicide-Trichoderma spp. Seed Treatments on Pre- and Postemergence Damping-Off in Cotton

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles R. Howell
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Seedling Disease

Good quality seeds of cotton cultivars often escaped pre-emergence damping-off incited by Pythium spp. and Rhizopus oryzae, and they were resistant to postemergence damping-off incited by Rhizoctonia solani. Poor quality seeds, however, were highly susceptible to both phases of seedling disease and required seed treatment in order to survive. Pre-emergence damping-off incited by Pythium spp. and Rhizopus oryzae could be controlled by seed treatment with biocontrol preparations of a number of Trichoderma spp., but these treatments were much less effective in controlling postemergence disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani. Postemergence seedling disease can be controlled by fungicides, but they were much less effective in controlling the pre-emergence phase of the disease. Combination seed treatments of poor quality cotton seeds with fungicides and Trichoderma spp. preparations, followed by planting in pathogen-infested soil, indicated that this technique will control both phases of seedling disease. Seed treatment with either the fungicides or the biocontrol agents alone did not achieve this goal. The optimum combination treatment for disease control was that of chloroneb plus Trichoderma spp., followed by chloroneb plus metalaxyl (Deltacoat AD) plus T. virens strain G-6.

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