scholarly journals Enteral fluid therapy in neonatal calves and features of commercially available electrolyte solutions in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela de Castro Bregadioli ◽  
Priscilla Fajardo Valente Pereira ◽  
Karina Keller Marques da Costa Flaiban ◽  
José Dantas Ribeiro Filho ◽  
Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
North America ◽  
Fluid Therapy ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
The World ◽  
Neonatal Calves ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACT: According to the World Health Organization, the development of orally replacement fluids and electrolytes was one of the most significant advances of the twentieth century, markedly reducing mortality from diarrheal children. In veterinary medicine, oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are routinely used to treat diarrheic neonatal calves in order to correct water, electrolyte and acid base imbalances. In North America, the use of OES is routine and there are at least 20 commercial alternatives. Use of OES has increased in recent years in Brazil, but just five commercial products are currently available. The OES should contain, in suitable concentrations, electrolytes, glucose and an alkalizing agent to ensure its therapeutic efficacy. This review aimed to address the therapeutic importance of OES for neonatal calves and to evaluate the compositions and characteristics of those commercially available in Brazil.

scholarly journals High infectious disease burden as a basis for the observed high frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi ◽  
Augustina Frimpong ◽  
Frederica Dedo Partey ◽  
Helena Lamptey ◽  
Linda Eva Amoah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

Following the coronavirus outbreaks described as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world has again been challenged by yet another corona virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infections were first detected in a Chinese Province in December 2019 and then declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. An infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 may result in asymptomatic, uncomplicated or fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fatal disease has been linked with the uncontrolled “cytokine storm” manifesting with complications mostly in people with underlying cardiovascular and pulmonary disease conditions. The severity of COVID-19 disease and the associated mortality has been disproportionately lower in Africa and Asia in comparison to Europe and North America in terms of number of cases and deaths. While persons of colour who live in Europe and North America have been identified as a highly susceptible population due to a combination of several socioeconomic factors and poor access to quality healthcare, this has not been the case in sub-Saharan Africa where inhabitants are even more deprived concerning the said factors. On the contrary, sub-Saharan Africa has recorded the lowest levels of mortality and morbidity associated with the disease, and an overwhelming proportion of infections are asymptomatic. This review discusses the most probable reasons for the significantly fewer cases of severe COVID-19 disease and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals How reminders of the 1918–19 pandemic helped Australia and New Zealand respond to COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-433
Author(s):  
Geoffrey W. Rice
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
North America ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
World Health ◽  
Influenza Outbreak ◽  
Spanish Influenza ◽  
The World ◽  
H7n9 Influenza ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThis article will argue that the memory of the great ‘Spanish’ influenza pandemic of 1918–19 played a significant role in the preparedness and response of Australia and New Zealand to the COVID-19 pandemic, and may help to explain their success compared with Europe and North America. An obvious alternative explanation for the success of Asian states such as China, Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan would be their experience of the SARS outbreak in 2002 and the H7N9 influenza outbreak of 2013. However, this explanation does not apply to Australia or New Zealand. All of these states had pandemic plans, initially developed with encouragement from the World Health Organization after the SARS outbreak, but only Australia and New Zealand appear to have directly incorporated ‘lessons’ from 1918–19 into their pandemic plans.

scholarly journals High infectious disease burden as a basis for the observed high frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi ◽  
Augustina Frimpong ◽  
Frederica Dedo Partey ◽  
Helena Lamptey ◽  
Linda Eva Amoah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

Following the coronavirus outbreaks described as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world has again been challenged by yet another corona virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infections were first detected in a Chinese Province in December 2019 and then declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. An infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 may result in asymptomatic, uncomplicated or fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fatal disease has been linked with the uncontrolled “cytokine storm” manifesting with complications mostly in people with underlying cardiovascular and pulmonary disease conditions. The severity of COVID-19 disease and the associated mortality has been disproportionately lower in terms of number of cases and deaths in Africa and also Asia in comparison to Europe and North America. Also, persons of colour residing in Europe and North America have been identified as a highly susceptible population due to a combination of several socioeconomic factors and poor access to quality healthcare. Interestingly, this has not been the case in sub-Saharan Africa where majority of the population are even more deprived of the aforementioned factors. On the contrary, sub-Saharan Africa has recorded the lowest levels of mortality and morbidity associated with the disease, and an overwhelming proportion of infections are asymptomatic. Whilst it can be argued that these lower number of cases in Africa may be due to challenges associated with the diagnosis of the disease such as lack of trained personnel and infrastructure, the number of persons who get infected and develop symptoms is proportionally lower than those who are asymptomatic, including asymptomatic cases that are never diagnosed. This review discusses the most probable reasons for the significantly fewer cases of severe COVID-19 disease and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.

In Reply: Use and Misuse of Oral Therapy in Diarrhea

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 656-657
Author(s):  
JOHN D. SNYDER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oral Rehydration Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Oral Rehydration ◽  
American Academy Of Pediatrics ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Emergency Fund

I appreciate the chance to clarify what may be a misconception of Dr Kepfer and also others who had read my recent article. The American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition recommends that glucose electrolyte solutions be used for rehydration and maintenance therapy for children with acute diarrhea. One such solution is the oral rehydration salt (ORS) solution recommended by the World Health Organization and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, but this solution is not readily available in the United States, as Dr Kepfer notes. However, as mentioned in the introduction to the paper, a number of successful clinical trials of other similar glucose electrolyte solutions have been reported in the United States.

scholarly journals International psychiatry – an agenda for the way forward

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. K. George Hsu
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Health Research ◽  
Official Journal ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

A news release from the World Health Organization (2003) suggested that a mere 10% of global health research is devoted to diseases that account for 90% of the global disease burden. While this comment refers primarily to research into infectious and parasitic diseases, a similar trend may well be true for psychiatry, taken from a global perspective. A cursory glance at recent issues of World Psychiatry, the official journal of the World Psychiatric Association, will reveal articles describing recent advances in antidepressant treatment and other pharmacotherapies, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, personality disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the genetics of mental illness. These topics are obviously important and the field cannot advance without such cutting-edge research. Most of the authors are, as expected, psychiatrists living and working in Western Europe or North America. This is also, of course, acceptable and important. The dissemination of scientific data is essential for advancing the field, and researchers who live and work in Europe and North America are generally the most qualified to do so. So, what's the problem?

scholarly journals Regional differences in COVID-19 attack and case fatality rates in the first quarter of 2020: a comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Most Zannatul Ferdous ◽  
Lakshmi Rani Kundu ◽  
Marjia Sultana ◽  
Sheikh Jafia Jafrin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The World ◽  
Mixed Approach ◽  
Health Organization

Background and Objective: The COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) outbreak has become a public health threat all over the world. From December 31, 2019 to March 19, 2020, 146 countries were affected. Evidence on the management approaches of current COVID-19 pandemic is still limited though the numbers of affected countries are increasing as the days go by. This study was aimed at determining the attack rate (AR) and case fatality rate (CFR) of Covid-19 in six different regions around the world in the first quarter of 2020. An attempt was also made to provide an overview of the ongoing situation of COVID-19. Methods: The design of the study was mixed approach where a retrospective analysis of surveillance data of six different regions around the world were collected from COVID-19 dashboard of World Health organization, between 31 December 2019 to 19 March 2020 (Time: 2:00 pm. BST [CET: 9 am]). Besides, other different validated sources (example: Worldometer, Center for Disease Control and Prevention) were used to assess the ongoing situation regarding COVID-19. A statistical software SPSS version 26 was used to analyze the data. Results: There were a total of 207,860 confirmed cases and 8779 deaths across six different regions around the world from 31 December 2019 to 19 March 2020, with the highest AR of 9.92/100,000 population in Europe region, followed by Asia (2.7/ 100,000), Australia (1.75/100,000), North America (1.42/100,000), South America (0.23/100,000) and Africa (0.06/100,000) regions. Study results revealed statistically significant association between attack rates and the six regions of the world (p=0.002), meaning that AR varied in the regions around the world. The CFR was high in Europe region (4.81%), followed by Asia (4.06%), Africa (2.72%), South America (1.41%), Australia (1.12%), and North America (0.69%) regions. Data reviewed from different countries revealed that the highest number of cases was confirmed in the United States, followed by Spain and Italy. The findings revealed that the reported confirmed cases varied widely in different regions of the world. Conclusion: The severity and variation in -geographical distribution of COVID-19 cases and deaths suggest that urgent response from various government and public health authorities should be taken and research regarding underlying factors determining this severity should be sought for. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2020; 14(2): 1-10

scholarly journals High infectious disease burden as a basis for the observed high frequency of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi ◽  
Augustina Frimpong ◽  
Frederica Dedo Partey ◽  
Helena Lamptey ◽  
Linda Eva Amoah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Quality Healthcare ◽  
The World ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

Following the coronavirus outbreaks described as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, the world has again been challenged by yet another corona virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 infections were first detected in a Chinese Province in December 2019 and then declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. An infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 may result in asymptomatic, uncomplicated or fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Fatal disease has been linked with the uncontrolled “cytokine storm” manifesting with complications mostly in people with underlying cardiovascular and pulmonary disease conditions. The severity of COVID-19 disease and the associated mortality has been disproportionately lower in terms of number of cases and deaths in Africa and also Asia in comparison to Europe and North America. Also, persons of colour residing in Europe and North America have been identified as a highly susceptible population due to a combination of several socioeconomic factors and poor access to quality healthcare. Interestingly, this has not been the case in sub-Saharan Africa where majority of the population are even more deprived of the aforementioned factors. On the contrary, sub-Saharan Africa has recorded the lowest levels of mortality and morbidity associated with the disease, and an overwhelming proportion of infections are asymptomatic. Whilst it can be argued that these lower number of cases in Africa may be due to challenges associated with the diagnosis of the disease such as lack of trained personnel and infrastructure, the number of persons who get infected and develop symptoms is proportionally lower than those who are asymptomatic, including asymptomatic cases that are never diagnosed. This review discusses the most probable reasons for the significantly fewer cases of severe COVID-19 disease and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa.

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