scholarly journals Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp.

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Jackson Forte Beleza ◽  
William Cardoso Maciel ◽  
Elisângela de Souza Lopes ◽  
Átilla Holanda de Albuquerque ◽  
Arianne Silva Carreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Environment Exposure ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
And Migration

ABSTRACT This study aimed to review aspects of Salmonella spp. in free-living birds and their potential as disseminators for domestic animals, man, and the environment. Isolation of Salmonella spp. have been reported in several species of wild birds from Passeridae and Fringillidae, among other avian families, captured in countries of North America and Europe, where Salmonella ser. Typhimurium is the most frequently reported serotype. The presence of pathogens, including Salmonella, may be influenced by several factors, such as diet, environment, exposure to antibiotics, infection by pathogenic organisms and migration patterns. Researches with wild birds that live in urbanized environment are important, considering that birds may participate in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, which are more prevalent in cities due to the human activity. Based on the information collected, this article concludes that wild birds are still important disseminators of pathogens in several geographic regions and may affect man, domestic animals, and other birds.

scholarly journals Potential reverse spillover of infectious bursal disease virus at the interface of commercial poultry and wild birds

Virus Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 705-711
Author(s):  
Rania F. El Naggar ◽  
Mohammed A. Rohaim ◽  
Muhammad Munir
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Infectious Bursal Disease ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Bean Goose ◽  
Bursal Disease ◽  
Commercial Poultry

AbstractRecently, multiple spillover events between domesticated poultry and wild birds have been reported for several avian viruses. This phenomenon highlights the importance of the livestock-wildlife interface in the possible emergence of novel viruses. The aim of the current study was to investigate the potential spillover and epidemiological links of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) between wild birds and domestic poultry. To this end, twenty-eight cloacal swabs were collected from four species of free-living Egyptian wild birds (i.e. mallard duck, bean goose, white-fronted goose and black-billed magpie). Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of three positive isolates revealed that the IBDV/USC-1/2019 strain clustered with previously reported very virulent IBDV (vvIBDV) Egyptian isolates. Interestingly, two other wild bird-origin isolates (i.e. IBDV/USC-2/2019 and IBDV/USC-3/2019) grouped with a vaccine strain that is being used in commercial poultry. In conclusion, our results revealed the molecular detection of vaccine and vvIBDV-like strains in Egyptian wild birds and highlighted the potential role of wild birds in IBDV epidemiology in disease-endemic regions.

Conclusion

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
The Core ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
And Migration

This final chapter offers a conclusion to the overall findings of the journal. It summarises the core factors of mass migration: migration patterns and networks; the role of governments and immigration policy; the importance of steamship emigration agents; the business of migration; and the shifting role of ports and port infrastructures. It concludes by suggesting that maritime and migration historians can further their studies by expanding and exploring one another’s territories.

scholarly journals Eph receptors and zonation in the rat adrenal cortex

2008 ◽  
Vol 198 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline H Brennan ◽  
Alexandra Chittka ◽  
Stewart Barker ◽  
Gavin P Vinson
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Zona Glomerulosa ◽  
Eph Receptors ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Eph Receptor ◽  
Low Sodium Diet ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
And Migration

Although the zonation of the adrenal cortex has a clear functional role, the mechanisms that maintain it remain largely conjectural. The concept that an outer proliferative layer gives rise to cells that migrate inwards, adopting sequentially the zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis phenotypes, has yet to be explained mechanistically. In other tissues, Eph receptor (EphR)/ephrin signalling provides a mechanism for cellular orientation and migration patterns. Real-time PCR and other methods were used to determine the possible role of Eph/ephrin systems in the rat adrenal. mRNA coding for several members of the EphR family was detected, but out of these, EphA2 provided the closest parallel to zonal organisation. In situ hybridisation showed that EphA2 mRNA and EphA protein were predominantly located in the zona glomerulosa. Its transcription closely reflected expected changes in the glomerulosa phenotype, thus it was increased after a low-sodium diet, but decreased by pretreatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, captopril. It was also decreased by ACTH treatment, but unaffected by betamethasone. mRNA coding for ephrin A1, the major ligand for the EphA receptors, was also detected in the rat adrenal, though changes evoked by the various pretreatments did not clearly reflect the expected changes in zonal function. Because the maintenance of cellular zonation requires clear positional signals within the adrenal cortex, these data support a role for Eph forward and reverse signalling in the maintenance of adrenocortical zonation.

scholarly journals The Armstrongs of Manorhamilton and West Gwillimbury: A Study of Settlement and Migration Patterns of Irish Immigrants to Upper Canada

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-109
Author(s):  
Charlotte Neff ◽  
Patricia Matthew
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Upper Canada ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Irish Immigrants ◽  
Large Estate ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Landed Gentry ◽  
Land Transactions

This article considers the land transactions, occupations, and last known residence of three brothers, Protestant landed gentry from Manorhamilton, Leitrim County, Ireland, who arrived in West Gwillimbury, Simcoe County, Upper Canada (Ontario) in 1819, 1822, and 1825, and of their sons, sons-in-law, and grandchildren. At least one aspired to a large estate, but none acquired more land than they needed for themselves and their sons. Most of their children (all born in Ireland) or their husbands farmed in Ontario, most in Simcoe County, but their grandchildren dispersed widely across North America and less than half remained in farming.

scholarly journals Migration, social policy, and power in historical perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-274
Author(s):  
Martin Seeleib-Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
North America ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The Other ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
The North ◽  
And Migration

Migration and social policy have become fiercely contested issues in Europe and North America. In this article, I highlight how mobility and migration, on one hand, and social policy, on the other hand, have historically been closely interwoven and shaped by power relations. It is argued that European states actively assisted their poor to leave ‘home’ and settle in far-away places. I will elaborate some of the tensions between freedom of movement and the role of social policy in the North German Confederation ( Norddeutscher Bund [NDB]) and the British Empire. Finally, it is argued that many of the current challenges and issues associated with migration and social policy in Europe are historically not unique.

scholarly journals The significance of wild birds(Larus sp.)in the epidemiology of campylobacter infections in humans

1988 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. D. Whelan ◽  
P. Monaghan ◽  
R. W. A. Girdwood ◽  
C. R. Fricker
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Water Storage ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Human Waste ◽  
Herring Gulls ◽  
Storage Reservoirs ◽  
Campylobacter Infections

During much of the present century, the population of herring gulls in Britain has increased rapidly (Cramp, Bourne & Saunders, 1973; Chabrzyk & Coulson, 1976; Monaghan & Coulson, 1977). Accompanying this changes was an increased utilization by these birds of human waste as a food supply, particularly sewage and refuse emanating from our towns and cities (Monaghan, 1983; Hortonet al.1983). This, coupled with their habits of roosting on agricultural land and water storage reservoirs and of breeding on inhabited buildings, has given rise to concern over the role of these birds in the spread of disease to man and domestic animals (e.g. Fenlon, 1981; Reillyet al.1981; Butterfieldet al.1983; Monaghanet al.1985; Girdwoodet al.1986).

scholarly journals Wild bird surveillance around outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) virus in the Netherlands, 2014, within the context of global flyways

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
J H Verhagen ◽  
H P van der Jeugd ◽  
B A Nolet ◽  
R Slaterus ◽  
S P Kharitonov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Wild Bird ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
H5n8 Virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) viruses that emerged in poultry in east Asia since 2010 spread to Europe and North America by late 2014. Despite detections in migrating birds, the role of free-living wild birds in the global dispersal of H5N8 virus is unclear. Here, wild bird sampling activities in response to the H5N8 virus outbreaks in poultry in the Netherlands are summarised along with a review on ring recoveries. HPAI H5N8 virus was detected exclusively in two samples from ducks of the Eurasian wigeon species, among 4,018 birds sampled within a three months period from mid-November 2014. The H5N8 viruses isolated from wild birds in the Netherlands were genetically closely related to and had the same gene constellation as H5N8 viruses detected elsewhere in Europe, in Asia and in North America, suggesting a common origin. Ring recoveries of migratory duck species from which H5N8 viruses have been isolated overall provide evidence for indirect migratory connections between East Asia and Western Europe and between East Asia and North America. This study is useful for better understanding the role of wild birds in the global epidemiology of H5N8 viruses. The need for sampling large numbers of wild birds for the detection of H5N8 virus and H5N8-virus-specific antibodies in a variety of species globally is highlighted, with specific emphasis in north-eastern Europe, Russia and northern China.

The parasitism of Schistosoma mansoni (Digenea–Trematoda) in a naturally infected population of water rats, Nectomys squamipes (Rodentia–Sigmodontinae) in Brazil

Parasitology ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 573-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. D'ANDREA ◽  
L. S. MAROJA ◽  
R. GENTILE ◽  
R. CERQUEIRA ◽  
A. MALDONADO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Reproductive Parameters ◽  
Contamination Source ◽  
Schistosome Infection ◽  
Migration Patterns ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
And Migration

Schistosomiasis is a health problem in Brazil and the role of rodents in maintaining the schistosome life-cycle requires further clarification. The influence of Schistosoma mansoni on a population of Nectomys squamipes was studied by capture-recapture (1st phase, from June 1991 to November 1995) and removal (2nd phase, from April 1997 to March 1999) studies at Sumidouro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During both phases coproscopic examinations were performed. At the 2nd phase the rodents were perfused and worms were counted. The population dynamics of parasites was studied. During the 1st phase, female reproductive parameters, longevity, recruitment and survivorship rates and migration patterns were studied in relation to schistosome prevalence. Water contamination (source of miracidia), abundance intermediate host and rodent migration were related to prevalence. The N. squamipes population was not obviously influenced by the infection, as shown by the high number of reproductive infected females, high longevity of infected individuals and the absence of a relationship between recruitment or survivorship rates and the intensity of schistosome infection. The data indicate that N. squamipes can increase transmission of S. mansoni in endemic areas and carry it to non-infected areas. Furthermore, this rodent can be used as an indicator of a transmission focus.

scholarly journals Coronaviruses in avian species – review with focus on epidemiology and diagnosis in wild birds

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justyna Miłek ◽  
Katarzyna Blicharz-Domańska
Keyword(s):  
Companion Animals ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Infectious Bronchitis ◽  
Viral Replicase ◽  
Main Representative ◽  
Virus Distribution

AbstractCoronaviruses (CoVs) are a large group of enveloped viruses with a single-strand RNA genome, which continuously circulate in mammals and birds and pose a threat to livestock, companion animals, and humans. CoVs harboured by avian species are classified to the genera gamma- and deltacoronaviruses. Within the gamma-CoVs the main representative is avian coronavirus, a taxonomic name which includes the highly contagious infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) in chickens and similar viruses infecting other domestic birds such as turkeys, guinea fowls, or quails. Additionally, IBVs have been detected in healthy wild birds, demonstrating that they may act as the vector between domestic and free-living birds. Moreover, CoVs other than IBVs, are identified in wild birds, which suggests that wild birds play a key role in the epidemiology of other gammaCoVs and deltaCoVs. Development of molecular techniques has significantly improved knowledge of the prevalence of CoVs in avian species. The methods adopted in monitoring studies of CoVs in different avian species are mainly based on detection of conservative regions within the viral replicase, nucleocapsid genes, and 3’UTR or 5’UTR. The purpose of this review is to summarise recent discoveries in the areas of epidemiology and diagnosis of CoVs in avian species and to understand the role of wild birds in the virus distribution.

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