Integration of Geophysical Technologies in the Petroleum Industry

The most utilized technique for exploring the Earth's subsurface for petroleum is reflection seismology. However, a sole focus on reflection seismology often misses opportunities to integrate other geophysical techniques such as gravity, magnetic, resistivity, and other seismicity techniques, which have tended to be used in isolation and by specialist teams. There is now growing appreciation that these technologies used in combination with reflection seismology can produce more accurate images of the subsurface. This book describes how these different field techniques can be used individually and in combination with each other and with seismic reflection data. World leading experts present chapters covering different techniques and describe when, where, and how to apply them to improve petroleum exploration and production. It also explores the use of such techniques in monitoring CO2 storage reservoirs. Including case studies throughout, it will be an invaluable resource for petroleum industry professionals, advanced students, and researchers.

An Evaluation of Probability of Occurrence of Hydrological Extremes

The hydrological extremes viz. droughts and floods, are global recurring natural hazards which are dynamic with respect to space and time impacting many people. The increase in the number of instances of these hydrological events in the past has steered the research in the direction towards evaluation of probability of occurrence of droughts and floods on a catchment scale, for proper planning and decision making in ideal allocation of the scarce water resources and mitigation of flood. Understanding and evaluating hydrological extremes becomes important in terms of sizing of storage reservoirs for combating droughts and floods, while its prediction becomes the key in reduction of its consequences. This study presents a summarized evaluation of probability of occurrence of floods and droughts in Bhavani basin of Kerala, using Herbst method, for a period of 40 years from 2002 to 2042, using streamflow data. As per the analysis, the most severe drought is expected to hit the basin in the year 2022- 2023 while the worst flood is expected in the year 2040 -2041. The novelty of the study is in applying the Herbst method for evaluating the probability of occurrence of floods in a catchment area without adopting rigorous hydrological modelling techniques.

Epilithic Diatoms Diversity in The Reservoir of Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang

Diatom biodiversity is an increasing concern due to growing human impact, the study was carried out in one of the most important water storage reservoirs of Tembalang Region. The anthropogenic activity influence of diatom diversity in the UNDIP Reservoir. The reservoir of Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP) Semarang was an area of 1.24 km2, with the deepest part of 15 meters, and able to accommodate water up to 13500 m3. This study aims to determine the relative abundance, diversity, evenness, dominance of diatoms and is expected to provide information about the condition of the waters in the Diponegoro University Reservoir, Semarang. Littoral benthic diatoms of five locations were sampled. Diatoms slides were prepared from scraping the rock surface with an area of 3x3 cm, dilute in 50 ml distilled water, and identification under the microscope with 1000 magnification. Analysis of the physical characteristics of the waters includes Temperature, pH, DO, TDS, Conductivity, and Turbidity. The diatom composition in UNDIP Reservoir consists of 72 species that belong to 20 genera. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') ranges from 2-3. The dominance index (D) ranges from 0.05-0.17. The Evenness index (E) ranges from 0.54-0.90. Water quality parameters showed a fairly good value in the growth of diatoms. Dominated by periphytic taxa such as Cyclotella meneghiniana (15.72%), Brachysira microcephala (9.93%), and Achnanthidium minutissima (6.84%) which are widely distributed and live at temperatures of 20-30?C and pH >6.

Assessment of an artificial recharge system through numerical simulations

<p>Artificial recharge is the set of techniques used to increase or facilitate the flow of water to aquifers. It has been a management strategy for centuries to optimize the use of water in regions where the seasonal or inter-annual distribution of surface water produces periods or exceedance and shortage. Water infiltration into aquifers is enhanced such that aquifers serve as short to medium term storage reservoirs. Water is recovered when needed.  Recently, increasing demand of groundwater and the occurrence of more severe and longer droughts in different regions around the world have produced a renewed interest in the application of this management strategy in many countries, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions.</p><p>Infiltration wells are a common method to apply artificial recharge, which allows infiltrating water directly into saturated aquifers or to the unsaturated zone. We performed local-scale numerical simulations of unsaturated flow to model the operation of a single well infiltration system. Based on the results of the simulations, we evaluate its performance considering different conceptualizations of the materials present in the vadose zone. We conclude that the performance of similar systems can be significantly different depending on the distribution of subsurface materials and their properties. Hence, the conceptualization and modeling of such systems require some care about how the inherent heterogeneity of aquifers is included in models.  Last, we provide some recommendations for the design and assessment of similar artificial recharge systems. </p>

Controls on Greenland moulin geometry and evolution from the Moulin Shape model

Nearly all meltwater from glaciers and ice sheets is routed englacially through moulins, which collectively comprise approximately 10–14 % of the efficient englacial–subglacial hydrologic system. Therefore, the geometry and evolution of moulins has the potential to influence subglacial water pressure variations, ice motion, and the runoff hydrograph delivered to the ocean. We develop the Moulin Shape (MouSh) model, a time-evolving model of moulin geometry. MouSh models ice deformation around a moulin using both viscous and elastic rheologies and models melting within the moulin through heat dissipation from turbulent water flow, both above and below the water line. We force MouSh with idealized and realistic surface melt inputs. Our results show that variations in surface melt change the geometry of a moulin by approximately 30 % daily and by over 100 % seasonally. These size variations cause observable differences in moulin water storage capacity, moulin water levels, and subglacial channel size compared to a static, cylindrical moulin. Our results suggest that moulins are significant storage reservoirs for meltwater, with storage capacity and water levels varying over multiple timescales. Representing moulin geometry within subglacial hydrologic models would therefore improve their accuracy, especially over seasonal periods or in regions where overburden pressures are high.

New method for detection of methane escape from the main pipelines

Total methane content in the atmosphere has increased for two times during last two hundred years. Since 1900s, the annual rate of growth for methane dramatically increased. The sources of methane emissions to the air are their storage reservoirs, different oil-gas refineries, main pipelines and their transport facilities as well. A new method for detection of methane escape from the main pipelines has been developed and the order of its realization shown. Mathematic algorithm of the method is presented and the calculation formula for optical thickness of methane over the track obtained. Obtained formula allows diagnosing the escapes in gas pipelines distantly. Block-scheme of operation algorithm of the realization of offered method has been developed as well.

Wheat pill poisoning: complications and management

Wheat pill (zinc or aluminum phosphide) is used as rodenticide in wheat and rice storage reservoirs also known as rice pill. In developing countries like Pakistan there has been an increase in the number of aluminum phosphide (wheat-pill) poisoning with suicidal intent due to easy accessibility. It has high mortality rate, with no antidote available. A young female presented with wheat pill poisoning in June 2019, upon arrival she had classical signs and symptoms of wheat pill poisoning although during her stay she developed cardiac arrythmias leading to shock, Hematuria, Pleural effusion, and hyperglycemia due to acute pancreatitis. Due to the appropriate recognition and management of complications, patient was able to recuperate. felicitous transfer to Intensive Care Unit and prompt recognition of complications can lead to virtuous outcomes. We recommend that there should be nationwide cognizance campaign regarding the lethal consequences of wheat-pill consumption by humans and proper Continuous...