An Abbey as a Stronghold

The main goal of this paper is to analyze the strategic role of Cistercian abbey of Blessed Virgin Mary in Topusko (medieval Toplica) in anti-Ottoman defense during 16th century, especially because it is rather exceptional of usage sacral complex in anti-Ottoman defense system in rather long period. In order to do so it is determined and analyzed strategic importance of the monastic complex in anti-Ottoman defense line and the change of it according to ever going Ottoman conquest of new territories, i.e. approaching of the bordering line. Furthermore, the organization of defense of the rather large estate of Topusko abbey as well as the changes of the monastic fortifications are addressed. Even more, the role of the commendatory abbots of the abbey, as well the serves of the abbey, in the larger efforts in composing and functioning of the anti-Ottoman defense line are analyzed. Finally, the proximate time and context of the final abandoning of the former Cistercian abbey is determined.

Hampshire Agriculture in the Middle Ages: The Bishop of Winchester's Manor of North Waltham

The bishops of Winchester were the richest bishops in medieval England and they dominated landownership in Hampshire. Moreover, they left the fullest surviving documentation for any large estate in medieval England. This article uses a sample of the documentation to examine the agriculture of the great estate and some of the influences on it. By examining the lord's activity on a single well-documented manor it seeks to help our understanding of developments in Hampshire agriculture: its growth and contraction, its arable and pastoral farming, and the employment of its labour.

The Monastery of Apa Apollo as Landowner and Employer

Monasteries need attention as a new ‘alternative’ form of rural settlement, often comparable in size and population to larger villages. This chapter, using Apa Apollo as a case-study, examines to what extent monasteries had a communal village-like identity and organization, and how closely they interacted with surrounding villages. The monastery of Apa Apollo, located at Bawit in Middle Egypt, was founded in the late 4th century and was most likely inhabited until about the 12th century. By examining the available papyrological evidence of the 7th and 8th century, this study illustrates that in the early Arab period, monasteries like that of Apa Apollo no longer seem to be the small scale institutions of the 4th century, but developed into more elaborate economic units. Although they operated much like secular large estate holders, they had a distinctive rural centre.

Nathaniel Wells: The Making of a Black Country Gentleman

In this chapter, Anne Rainsbury examines the surprising life of Nathaniel Wells whose story defies many of the assumed narratives of black life in 18th century England. Born enslaved in St Kitts, he was freed by his father, Williams Wells, a wealthy merchant who owned three sugar plantations. He was educated in London and inherited the bulk of his father’s estate at the age of twenty-one which included three plantations and the hundreds of slaves who worked them. He married Harriet Este, a white woman (after her death he would marry Esther Owen, also white), and bought a large estate, Piercefield, in Monmouthshire. Rainsbury explains that unlike the limited political rights and social barriers Wells would have faced in St Kitts, he was able to play a prominent role in local public life including becoming a magistrate and deputy lieutenant of the county of Monmouth. His social and political status contradicted the racism blacks faced in Britain, yet the irony that his wealth and standing were built on the profits of slavery and suffering of black people, Rainsbury says, cannot be overlooked.

The Politics of Community Drama in Interwar England

There was a wave of reform-oriented drama across England in the 1920s and 1930s, which extended from urban, socialist theatre to the ‘late modernist’ enthusiasm for rural pageantry and from adult education to Church revival. Most scholarship looks at drama in these various milieus separately, but this study of three plays that were put on in a corner of South West England—a nativity play, an innovative ‘dance-mime’, and a Workers’ Educational Association narrative piece—brings them together. These plays shared a connection to Dartington Hall, a social and cultural experiment set on a large estate in Devon in 1925 by an American heiress, Dorothy Elmhirst, and her Yorkshire-born husband, Leonard, which became a nexus for the various strands of community-seeking theatre evident in interwar England—as well as for social reform more generally. This article shows how dramatic performances formed part of the quest for communal unity that was a dominant strand in social thinking between the wars: driven by fears about class strife, the effects of democratization, the recurrence of war, and the fragmenting effects of secular modernity, elites, artists, and activists of diverse hues tried to reform the very idea of Englishness by putting on plays—fostering values of community and communality, while often taking inspiration from an idealized vision of the rural community of England’s pre-industrial past.

SEJARAH PERKEBUNAN DAN DAMPAKNYA BAGI PERKEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT DI ONDERAFDEELING BANJOEASIN EN KOEBOESTREKKEN, KERESIDENAN PALEMBANG, 1900-1942

The purposeandobject ofthis paperisarelevancebetween the existence oflarge estates, Onderneming Europeandits impact on societyin Onderafdeeling Banjoeasinen Koeboestrekenthe colonial periodin1900-1942. The method usedin this studyis the historical method to reconstruct the history of the plantationand the implications forthe development of society in Onderafdeeling Banjoeasinen Koeboestrekken. Data collection techniques use drefersto the first stage in the history ofthe process of heuristic methods, finding and collecting historical sources. Data analysis techniques with regard to the second stage, third and fourth in the history covering methods of source criticism, and historiography interpretation. Based on the research results and conclusions, the opening rubber plantations in the colonial period Onder afdeeling Banjoeasinen Koeboe strekken highly correlated with the natural conditions of this area and also the political changeskonial, open the door. There are two big companies that invest heavily large plantations of rubber namely, first, Rubber Ondernemingen Melaniain 1909 the plantingand effort trubber massively from the east end of Marga Pangkalan Balai to the west endMarga Gasing and centered in Musi Landas. Secondly, plantation Oud Wassenaar, N.V. Oliepalmenen rubber Mijnsprawling in the gutter are as ranging northern Batang Hari Leko, Marga Rantau Bayur, toits northern Marga Suak Tape, Marga Betung and Tebenan area. The relevance of the opening of a large estate with acommunity in Onder afdeeling Banjoeasinen Koeboe strekkenseenin some ways. First, the change in the position of the local elite, the Pasirah, Kerio, others Marga council officials. Secondly, helped create the “repair” the public infrastructure facilities and infrastructures there. Third, encourage the development ofeconomic activity and providea tremendous impact in the dusun-dusun marga’s. Fourth, many builders connecting road for the purposes of transportation of rubber has abroad and profound impacton the pattern of a traditional society, not only for the Malays Banjoeasin, but also to aspects of the life of the Kubu’s Banjoeasin. They began the gradual assimilation are creating Kubu’s Banjoeasin with Malay Banjoeasin due to changes in the orientation of his thinking because it began opening their areas of influence of the outside world.

THE FREEDOM OF CONTRACT IN PLANTATION CORE ESTATE AND SMALLHOLDERS

The Plantation Core Estate and Smallholders (PIR/Perkebunan Inti Rakyat) is a partnership scheme of the estates whereby a large estate acts as the core of development to small local farms in a mutually beneficial, integral, and continous system. Simply put, PIR is one form of contract farming. The PIR scheme was first introduced in by Indonesia government in order to encourage the development in local farms. Moreover, the partnership system is based on patron-client relationship and regulated through a contract in which the large estate is the patron and local farms are the client. However, the PIR system involves state within the contract. The state’s involvement is important so as to safeguard the interests of local farms (client) which are prone to predatory exploitation by the patron (large estate) and thus, balancing the bargaining powers of each party in the contract. This paper problematizes the contractual mechanism of PIR in respect to the freedom of contract. Thus, it can be concluded that the state’s involvement in the PIR shows that the freedom of contract principles are rigged to a degree which restricts some of the patron’s powers such as controls on supply and price in order to protect the local farms from being exploited.

THE FREEDOM OF CONTRACT IN PLANTATION CORE ESTATE AND SMALLHOLDERS

The Plantation Core Estate and Smallholders (PIR/Perkebunan Inti Rakyat) is a partnership scheme of the estates whereby a large estate acts as the core of development to small local farms in a mutually beneficial, integral, and continous system. Simply put, PIR is one form of contract farming. The PIR scheme was first introduced in by Indonesia government in order to encourage the development in local farms. Moreover, the partnership system is based on patron-client relationship and regulated through a contract in which the large estate is the patron and local farms are the client. However, the PIR system involves state within the contract. The state’s involvement is important so as to safeguard the interests of local farms (client) which are prone to predatory exploitation by the patron (large estate) and thus, balancing the bargaining powers of each party in the contract. This paper problematizes the contractual mechanism of PIR in respect to the freedom of contract. Thus, it can be concluded that the state’s involvement in the PIR shows that the freedom of contract principles are rigged to a degree which restricts some of the patron’s powers such as controls on supply and price in order to protect the local farms from being exploited.

The Armstrongs of Manorhamilton and West Gwillimbury: A Study of Settlement and Migration Patterns of Irish Immigrants to Upper Canada

This article considers the land transactions, occupations, and last known residence of three brothers, Protestant landed gentry from Manorhamilton, Leitrim County, Ireland, who arrived in West Gwillimbury, Simcoe County, Upper Canada (Ontario) in 1819, 1822, and 1825, and of their sons, sons-in-law, and grandchildren. At least one aspired to a large estate, but none acquired more land than they needed for themselves and their sons. Most of their children (all born in Ireland) or their husbands farmed in Ontario, most in Simcoe County, but their grandchildren dispersed widely across North America and less than half remained in farming.

Lands and Lights in Early Medieval Rome

This chapter analyses the text and epigraphy of two monumental inscriptions in Rome; both are important sources of information on landholding in early medieval Italy, and both shed light on the development of the Patrimony of St Peter and the evolving power of the popes as de facto rulers of Rome and its environs in the seventh and eighth centuries. Pope Gregory the Great (d. 604) commissioned the earlier of the two inscriptions for the basilica of St Paul, where it still survives (MEC I, XII.1). The inscription preserves the full text of a letter from Gregory to Felix, rector of the Appian patrimony (Ep. XIV.14). It ordered Felix to transfer the large estate (massa) of Aquae Salviae, with all its farms (fundi) as well as other nearby properties, from the patrimony into the direct control of the basilica of St Paul in order to fund the provision of its lighting; it was one of the last letters that Gregory wrote. The patron of the second inscription was Gregory’s eighth-century namesake and successor, Pope Gregory II (715–31), indignus servus (MEC I, XIV.1). This one is fixed in the portico of the basilica of St Peter, where it stands alongside another eighth-century inscription, namely, the epitaph of Pope Hadrian I that was commissioned by Charlemagne after Hadrian’s death in 795. Gregory II’s inscription also records a donation in Patrimonio Appiae, this time to provide oil for the lights of St Peter’s. This chapter investigates the form, content, and historical context of the production and display of these two inscriptions, analysing parallels and differences between them. It considers what they reveal about estate organization and the development of the territorial power of the papacy in this formative period, as well as the role of Gregory the Great as an exemplar for the early eighth-century popes.