Effect of spectral overlays on visual parameters and reading ability: an integrative review

ABSTRACT Purpose: to provide an integrative review of indexed articles published from 2009 to 2019 on the effect of spectral overlays on visual parameters and reading ability. Methods: keywords were used to search seven databases. Duplicate entries, reviews, literature reviews, editor's comments, and congress abstracts were excluded, as well as papers that were not relevant, based on their titles and abstracts. A total of 52 articles, which were read in full, were eligible at this stage. Of these, 12 articles, published in Portuguese or English from 2009 to 2019, were included. Results: all 12 articles included evaluated the effect of overlays on the reading rate. There was an improvement in different visual parameters (ocular accommodation and eye movement), facial recognition, and reading (reading rate, relative efficiency, and comprehension). The use of overlays reduced visual stress regardless of refractive, orthoptic or cognitive disorders. The associated conditions investigated were autism spectrum disorder, Tourette syndrome, stroke, deafness, dyslexia, and auditory temporal processing disorder. Conclusion: the effectiveness of overlays in improving reading quality is consistently demonstrated in the literature. The reviewed articles showed that the overlays’ effect is more expressive when the visual stress is associated with conditions that present sensory alterations and cortical hyperactivity.

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Association between auditory temporal and visual processing in reading skill

Revista CEFAC ◽

10.1590/1982-0216/20192156119 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Ana Carla Oliveira Garcia ◽

Douglas de Araújo Vilhena ◽

Márcia Reis Guimarães ◽

Ângela Maria Vieira Pinheiro ◽

Teresa Maria Momensohn-Santos

Keyword(s):

Temporal Processing ◽

Visual Processing ◽

Auditory Processing ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Reading Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Auditory Temporal Processing ◽

Significance Level ◽

Colored Overlays ◽

Visual Stress

ABSTRACT Purpose: to verify whether students screened with altered auditory temporal processing are more likely to present altered visual processing. Methods: the sample consisted of 68 children, aged from 9 to 12 years, 53% males, from the 5th and 6th grades of a public school. All children with alterations in the audiological or ophthalmological evaluation were excluded. The Duration Pattern Test (screening for auditory temporal skill), the Reading Perceptual Scale (visual stress symptom questionnaire and colored overlays selection) and the Rate of Reading Test (number of words correctly read per minute) were used. Appropriate statistical tests were applied adopting the significance level lower than 0.05. Results: participants screened with abnormal auditory processing had higher visual stress symptoms and lower reading rate, with a significant and moderate effect (p< 0.05; d< 0.71), when compared to their peers with normal auditory processing. Among the children with altered Duration Pattern Test, 58% improved the reading rate with the use of colored overlays, whereas 29% did so in the control group (Odds Ratio = 3.4, p = 0.017). Conclusion: children screened with altered auditory temporal processing presented a three times higher possibility of association with visual processing alterations, due to shared magnocellular system.

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Phrase-Reading Mediates Between Words and Syntax in Struggling Adolescent Readers

Communication Disorders Quarterly ◽

10.1177/1525740119825616 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 41 (3) ◽

pp. 162-175 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Patsy Nomvete ◽

Susan R. Easterbrooks

Keyword(s):

Reading Comprehension ◽

Struggling Readers ◽

Reading Ability ◽

Reading Rate ◽

Hierarchical Regression ◽

Syntactic Awareness ◽

Adolescent Readers ◽

Struggling Adolescent Readers ◽

Positive Significant Correlation ◽

Passage Reading

The components involved in adolescent reading are complex and not clearly understood in struggling readers. Phrase reading, a language skill associated with prosodic understanding of syntactic phrases, has received little attention. We studied 70 adolescent readers including delayed readers to answer the following questions: (a) Do phrase-reading ability, syntactic awareness, passage-reading rate, and reading comprehension have a positive, significant correlation; (b) Do language-related variables (i.e., phrasing ability, syntactic awareness) account for more of the variance in comprehension than passage-reading rate; (c) Does phrase-reading ability, as measured by phrase-level prosody, provide a mechanism for, or at least partially mediate, how passage-reading rate and syntactic awareness affect reading comprehension? Data were analyzed using hierarchical regression and mediation regression. All answers were affirmative suggesting that researchers studying adolescent struggling readers should investigate prosodic phrasing-reading ability as a tool for improving reading comprehension.

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Aphasic Performance on Visual Tracking Program

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1972.35.2.343 ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 35 (2) ◽

pp. 343-346

Author(s):

Elisabeth H. Wiig ◽

Patricia H. Smith

Keyword(s):

Visual Tracking ◽

Reading Ability ◽

Silent Reading ◽

Reading Rate ◽

Training Period ◽

Perceptual Speed ◽

Reading Deficits ◽

Period 2 ◽

Speed And Accuracy

The performance of 9 adult aphasics on a visual tracking program was investigated. The results indicated (1) significant increases in visual tracking rate over an 8-wk. training period, (2) significant increases in performance on tests of silent reading rate and over-all reading ability, and (3) no direct relationships between increases in visual tracking rate and silent reading rate or over-all reading ability. The significant gains observed in perceptual speed and accuracy, silent reading rate, and over-all reading ability indicated that the visual tracking program (Gaeke & Smith, 1962) may contribute significantly to the remediation of reading deficits in aphasia.

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Corrigendum: Characterizing the Interplay Between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Comorbid Medical Conditions: An Integrative Review

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00438 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Author(s):

Charlotte Tye ◽

Abigail Runicles ◽

Andrew J.O. Whitehouse ◽

Gail A. Alvares

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Integrative Review ◽

Medical Conditions

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Mutations in neuroligin-3 in male mice impact behavioral flexibility but not relational memory in a touchscreen test of visual transitive inference

Molecular Autism ◽

10.1186/s13229-019-0292-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Rebecca H. C. Norris ◽

Leonid Churilov ◽

Anthony J. Hannan ◽

Jess Nithianantharajah

Keyword(s):

Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽

Reaction Times ◽

Gene Mutations ◽

Behavioral Flexibility ◽

Cognitive Disorders ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Transitive Inference ◽

Relational Memory ◽

Response Latencies ◽

Inference Test

AbstractCognitive dysfunction including disrupted behavioral flexibility is central to neurodevelopmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A cognitive measure that assesses relational memory, and the ability to flexibly assimilate and transfer learned information is transitive inference. Transitive inference is highly conserved across vertebrates and disrupted in cognitive disorders. Here, we examined how mutations in the synaptic cell-adhesion molecule neuroligin-3 (Nlgn3) that have been documented in ASD impact relational memory and behavioral flexibility. We first refined a rodent touchscreen assay to measure visual transitive inference, then assessed two mouse models of Nlgn3 dysfunction (Nlgn3−/y and Nlgn3R451C). Deep analysis of touchscreen behavioral data at a trial level established we could measure trajectories in flexible responding and changes in processing speed as cognitive load increased. We show that gene mutations in Nlgn3 do not disrupt relational memory, but significantly impact flexible responding. Our study presents the first analysis of reaction times in a rodent transitive inference test, highlighting response latencies from the touchscreen system are useful indicators of processing demands or decision-making processes. These findings expand our understanding of how dysfunction of key components of synaptic signaling complexes impact distinct cognitive processes disrupted in neurodevelopmental disorders, and advance our approaches for dissecting rodent behavioral assays to provide greater insights into clinically relevant cognitive symptoms.

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The Role of Reading Rate in the Informal Assessment of Reading Ability

Literacy Research and Instruction ◽

10.1080/19388071.2012.702188 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 52-64 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Darrell Morris ◽

Woodrow Trathen ◽

Elizabeth M. Frye ◽

Linda Kucan ◽

Devery Ward ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reading Ability ◽

Reading Rate ◽

Informal Assessment

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The Three Factors in Reading Ability: Reanalysis of a Study by Cunningham, Stanovich, and Wilson

Journal of Reading Behavior ◽

10.1080/10862969209547771 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 173-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ronald P. Carver

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Word Recognition ◽

Reading Ability ◽

Reading Rate ◽

Rate Level ◽

Listening Tests ◽

Accuracy Level ◽

Two Factors ◽

Almost All ◽

Rauding Theory

Cunningham, Stanovich, and Wilson (1990) tested college students and concluded from their 22 measures that three factors were needed to explain individual differences in reading ability; one of these factors was called Word Recognition. Their data have been reanalyzed to determine whether there is any support for the three individual difference factors advanced in rauding theory—called rauding accuracy level (AL), rauding rate level (RL), and rauding efficiency level (EL). A factor analysis of their nine variables that measured reading ability yielded two factors; one was readily identified as AL because its highest loadings were on vocabulary and listening tests, and the other was readily identified as RL because its highest loadings were on measures of reading rate. When a single factor fit was forced upon these data, the resulting factor was readily identified as EL because the highest loadings were on measures of general reading ability such as reading comprehension and efficiency. It appears that individual differences in almost all measures of reading ability can be explained by regarding AL and RL as correlated subfactors of general reading ability, EL. The Word Recognition factor found by Cunningham et al. appears to be a rate factor, called rauding rate level, RL.

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Auditory Temporal Processing Performance of Young Adults With Reading Disorders

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/1092-4388(2002/048) ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 598-605 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Marianna M. Walker ◽

Jennifer B. Shinn ◽

Jerry L. Cranford ◽

Gregg D. Givens ◽

Don Holbert

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Temporal Processing ◽

Reading Ability ◽

Pattern Discrimination ◽

Error Rates ◽

Frequency Difference ◽

Reading Disorders ◽

Frequency Pattern ◽

Auditory Temporal Processing ◽

Processing Abilities

The present study investigated the temporal processing abilities of college students with diagnosed reading disorders. A behavioral test battery was used that involved discrimination of the pattern of presentation of tone triads in which individual components differed in either frequency or duration. An additional test involving measurement of frequency difference limens for long- and short-duration tones was also administered. The college students with reading disorders exhibited significantly higher error rates in discriminating duration patterns than the normal reading group. No group differences were found for the frequency pattern discrimination task. Both groups exhibited larger frequency difference limens with the shorter 20- and 50-ms tones than with the 200-ms tones. Significant correlations were found between reading ability measures and temporal processing abilities, specifically in word recognition and duration pattern processing, suggesting a relationship between lower level auditory temporal processing skills and decoding efficiency.

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The influence of circadian rhythms and aerobic glycolysis in autism spectrum disorder

Translational Psychiatry ◽

10.1038/s41398-020-01086-9 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Alexandre Vallée ◽

Yves Lecarpentier ◽

Rémy Guillevin ◽

Jean-Noël Vallée

Keyword(s):

Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽

Circadian Rhythms ◽

Aerobic Glycolysis ◽

Cognitive Disorders ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Spectrum Disorder ◽

Metabolic Reprogramming ◽

Main Role ◽

Circadian Expression ◽

Canonical Wnt

AbstractIntellectual abilities and their clinical presentations are extremely heterogeneous in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The main causes of ASD remain unclear. ASD is frequently associated with sleep disorders. Biologic rhythms are complex systems interacting with the environment and controlling several physiological pathways, including brain development and behavioral processes. Recent findings have shown that the deregulation of the core clock neurodevelopmental signaling is correlated with ASD clinical presentation. One of the main pathways involved in developmental cognitive disorders is the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway. Circadian clocks have a main role in some tissues by driving circadian expression of genes involved in physiologic and metabolic functions. In ASD, the increase of the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is enhancing by the dysregulation of circadian rhythms. ASD progression is associated with a major metabolic reprogramming, initiated by aberrant WNT/β-catenin pathway, the aerobic glycolysis. This review focuses on the interest of circadian rhythms dysregulation in metabolic reprogramming in ASD through the aberrant upregulation of the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway.

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