scholarly journals Systematics of Clupeiformes and testing for ecological limits on species richness in a trans-marine/freshwater clade

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin D. Bloom ◽  
Joshua P. Egan
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Trophic Guilds ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Nuclear Loci ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Critical Link ◽  
Diadromous Species

ABSTRACT Clupeiformes (herring, sardines, shad, anchovies and allies) are a globally distributed clade with nearly 400 marine, freshwater, and diadromous species. Although best known as filter feeding fishes that form large schools, this group occupies a diverse array of trophic guilds and habitats. Theory suggests that species richness in clades is modulated by ecological limits, which results in diversity-dependent clade growth, a pattern that most clades exhibit. As a trans-marine/freshwater clade that has undergone repeated transitions between marine and freshwaters, Clupeiformes are an excellent system for investigating the interplay between ecological diversity and macroevolutionary dynamics. In this study we review the systematics of Clupeiformes and explore discordance in phylogenetic relationships and divergence times between mitochondrial and nuclear loci. We then use comparative methods to test whether ecological limits regulate diversity in Clupeiformes. We find discordance in phylogenetic relationships at various taxonomic scales, but also considerable agreement between genomes. Our results suggest that trans-marine/freshwater clades are able to circumvent ecological limits on clade growth at regional, but not on local scales. Our study demonstrates that phylogenies are a critical link between ecology and macroevolutionary dynamics, and suggests habitat transitions can play a key role in shaping diversity patterns, particularly in the neotropics.

scholarly journals Plastid phylogenomics resolves ambiguous relationships within the orchid family and provides a solid timeframe for biogeography and macroevolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Alejandra Serna-Sánchez ◽  
Oscar A. Pérez-Escobar ◽  
Diego Bogarín ◽  
María Fernanda Torres-Jimenez ◽  
Astrid Catalina Alvarez-Yela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Molecular Clocks ◽  
Phylogenetic Placement ◽  
Plastid Genomes ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstructions ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Tree Models ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
First Time

AbstractRecent phylogenomic analyses based on the maternally inherited plastid organelle have enlightened evolutionary relationships between the subfamilies of Orchidaceae and most of the tribes. However, uncertainty remains within several subtribes and genera for which phylogenetic relationships have not ever been tested in a phylogenomic context. To address these knowledge-gaps, we here provide the most extensively sampled analysis of the orchid family to date, based on 78 plastid coding genes representing 264 species, 117 genera, 18 tribes and 28 subtribes. Divergence times are also provided as inferred from strict and relaxed molecular clocks and birth–death tree models. Our taxon sampling includes 51 newly sequenced plastid genomes produced by a genome skimming approach. We focus our sampling efforts on previously unplaced clades within tribes Cymbidieae and Epidendreae. Our results confirmed phylogenetic relationships in Orchidaceae as recovered in previous studies, most of which were recovered with maximum support (209 of the 262 tree branches). We provide for the first time a clear phylogenetic placement for Codonorchideae within subfamily Orchidoideae, and Podochilieae and Collabieae within subfamily Epidendroideae. We also identify relationships that have been persistently problematic across multiple studies, regardless of the different details of sampling and genomic datasets used for phylogenetic reconstructions. Our study provides an expanded, robust temporal phylogenomic framework of the Orchidaceae that paves the way for biogeographical and macroevolutionary studies.

scholarly journals Low predictive power of mid-domain effect to explain geographic species richness patterns in Palearctic songbirds

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Aliabadian ◽  
C. S. Roselaar ◽  
R. Sluys ◽  
V. Nijman
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Null Model ◽  
Species Range ◽  
Geometric Constraints ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Richness Patterns

In the study of diversity patterns, the Mid-domain effect (MDE), which explains gradients in diversity solely on the basis of geometric constraints, has emerged as a null-model against which other hypotheses can be tested. The effectiveness, measured by its predictive power, of these MDE models appears to depend on the size of the study area and the range-sizes of the taxa considered. Here we test the predictive power of MDE on the species richness patterns of birds and assess its effectiveness for a variety of species range sizes. We digitised distribution maps of 889 species of songbird endemic to the Palearctic, and analysed the emergent biogeographic patterns with WORLDMAP software. MDE had a predictive power of 20% when all songbirds were included. Major hotspots were located south of the area where MDE predicted the highest species-richness, and some of the observed coldspots were in the centre of the Palearctic, contradicting the predictions of the MDE. MDE had little explanatory power (3-19%) for all but the largest range sizes, whereas MDE performed equal or better for the large-ranged species (20-34%) compared to the overall model. Overall MDE did not accurate explain species-richness patterns in Palearctic songbirds. Subsets of larger-range species did not always have a larger predictive power than smaller-range species or the overall model. Despite their low predictive power, MDE models can have a role to play in explaining biogeographic patterns but other variables need to be included in the model as well.

scholarly journals Comparing mitogenomic timetrees for two African savannah primate genera (Chlorocebus and Papio)

2017 ◽  
Vol 181 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofya Dolotovskaya ◽  
Juan Torroba Bordallo ◽  
Tanja Haus ◽  
Angela Noll ◽  
Michael Hofreiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Africa ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstruction ◽  
Divergence Times ◽  
Mtdna Sequences ◽  
East Division ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Statistical Support ◽  
Green Monkeys ◽  
Complete Mtdna

Abstract Complete mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes have proved to be useful in reconstructing primate phylogenies with higher resolution and confidence compared to reconstructions based on partial mtDNA sequences. Here, we analyse complete mtDNA genomes of African green monkeys (genus Chlorocebus), a widely distributed primate genus in Africa representing an interesting phylogeographical model for the evolution of savannah species. Previous studies on partial mtDNA sequences revealed nine major clades, suggesting several cases of para- and polyphyly among Chlorocebus species. However, in these studies, phylogenetic relationships among several clades were not resolved, and divergence times were not estimated. We analysed complete mtDNA genomes for ten Chlorocebus samples representing major mtDNA clades to find stronger statistical support in the phylogenetic reconstruction than in the previous studies and to estimate divergence times. Our results confirmed para- and polyphyletic relationships of most Chlorocebus species, while the support for the phylogenetic relationships between the mtDNA clades increased compared to the previous studies. Our results indicate an initial west–east division in the northern part of the Chlorocebus range with subsequent divergence into north-eastern and southern clades. This phylogeographic scenario contrasts with that for another widespread African savannah primate genus, the baboons (Papio), for which a dispersal from southern Africa into East and West Africa was suggested.

scholarly journals Bats in forest remnants of the Cerrado savanna of eastern Mato Grosso, Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Firmino de Sousa ◽  
Paulo Cesar Venere ◽  
Karina de Cassia Faria
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Wiener Index ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Cerrado Savanna ◽  
Forest Remnants ◽  
Marked Decline

In the state of Mato Grosso, studies aiming to investigate the diversity and richness of bats are still scarce. In the present study, the chiropteran fauna of eastern Mato Grosso (Brazil) was investigated at four sites representing the Cerrado savanna biome with different degrees of anthropogenic impact, in the municipality of Nova Xavantina. Surveys were conducted between January and December, 2010, with a total of 48 nights of mist-netting. A total of 423 bats were captured, representing 25 species distributed in five families. A greater abundance of individuals was recorded at all sites during the rainy season, with considerable variation being observed over the course of the year in species richness and composition, and the abundance of bats. Species richness and bat abundance were higher in the better preserved habitats in comparison with the impacted areas. The timing of foraging activities appeared to vary among the specimens and there was a progressive increase in activity until 19:30 h, with a marked decline after 22:30 h. The ecological diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) of the bat community within the study area was H′ = 2.37.

scholarly journals Diversity and distribution of the free-living freshwater Cyclopoida (Copepoda: Crustacea) in the Neotropics

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (4 suppl) ◽  
pp. 1099-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
WM. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Environmental Complexity ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Diversity Patterns

Cyclopoida species from the Neotropics are listed and their distributions are commented. The results showed 148 species in the Neotropics, where 83 species were recorded in the northern region (above upon Equator) and 110 species in the southern region (below the Equator). Species richness and endemism are related more to the number of specialists than to environmental complexity. New researcher should be made on to the Copepod taxonomy and the and new skills utilized to solve the main questions on the true distributions and Cyclopoida diversity patterns in the Neotropics.

scholarly journals Species richness and beta diversity patterns of multiple taxa along an elevational gradient in pastured grasslands in the European Alps

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Fontana ◽  
Elia Guariento ◽  
Andreas Hilpold ◽  
Georg Niedrist ◽  
Michael Steinwandter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Diversity Patterns
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