Prototype to measure bracket debonding force in vivo

ABSTRACT Introduction: Material biodegradation that occurs in the mouth may interfere in the bonding strength between the bracket and the enamel, causing lower bond strength values in vivo, in comparison with in vitro studies. Objective: To develop a prototype to measure bracket debonding force in vivo and to evaluate, in vitro, the bond strength obtained with the prototype. Methods: A original plier (3M Unitek) was modified by adding one strain gauge directly connected to its claw. An electronic circuit performed the reading of the strain gauge, and the software installed in a computer recorded the values of the bracket debonding force, in kgf. Orthodontic brackets were bonded to the facial surface of 30 bovine incisors with adhesive materials. In Group 1 (n = 15), debonding was carried out with the prototype, while tensile bond strength testing was performed in Group 2 (n = 15). A universal testing machine was used for the second group. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was recorded. Results: According to Student’s t test (α = 0.05), Group 1 (2.96 MPa) and Group 2 (3.08 MPa) were not significantly different. ARI score of 3 was predominant in the two groups. Conclusion: The prototype proved to be reliable for obtaining in vivo bond strength values for orthodontic brackets.

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Effect of surface treatment of prefabricated teeth on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2177-6709.22.4.047-052.oar ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 47-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marina Cumerlato ◽

Eduardo Martinelli de Lima ◽

Leandro Berni Osorio ◽

Eduardo Gonçalves Mota ◽

Luciane Macedo de Menezes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Surface Treatment ◽

Shear Bond Strength ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Surface Treatments ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Diamond Bur ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the effects of grinding, drilling, sandblasting, and ageing prefabricated teeth (PfT) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets, as well as the effects of surface treatments on the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Methods: One-hundred-ninety-two PfT were divided into four groups (n = 48): Group 1, no surface treatment was done; Group 2, grinding was performed with a cylindrical diamond bur; Group 3, two drillings were done with a spherical diamond bur; Group 4, sandblasting was performed with 50-µm aluminum oxide. Before the experiment, half of the samples stayed immersed in distilled water at 37oC for 90 days. Brackets were bonded with Transbond XT and shear strength tests were carried out using a universal testing machine. SBS were compared by surface treatment and by ageing with two-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s test. ARI scores were compared between surface treatments with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s test. Results: Surface treatments on PfT enhanced SBS of brackets (p< 0.01), result not observed with ageing (p= 0.45). Groups II, III, and IV showed higher SBS and greater ARI than the Group 1 (p< 0.05). SBS was greater in the groups 3 and 4 (drilling, sandblasting) than in the Group 2 (grinding) (p< 0.05). SBS and ARI showed a positive correlation (Spearman’s R2= 0.57; p< 0.05). Conclusion: Surface treatment on PfT enhanced SBS of brackets, however ageing did not show any relevance. Sandblasting and drilling showed greater SBS than grinding. There was a positive correlation between SBS and ARI.

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A New Premixed Self-Etch Adhesive for Bonding Orthodontic Brackets

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/122907-607.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 78 (6) ◽

pp. 1101-1104 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Samir E. Bishara ◽

Adam W. Otsby ◽

Raed Ajlouni ◽

John Laffoon ◽

John J. Warren

Keyword(s):

Testing Machine ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Chi Square ◽

Adhesive Remnant Index ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Group 2 ◽

Student’S T ◽

Self Etch ◽

Bracket Failure ◽

Student’S T Test

Abstract Objective: To determine if a new premixed self-etch adhesive can be used to successfully bond orthodontic brackets to enamel. Materials and Methods: Forty human molars were cleaned, mounted, and randomly divided into two groups. In group 1, 20 teeth were conditioned using the self-etching primer Transbond Plus (3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif). In group 2, 20 teeth were conditioned using a new premixed self-etching adhesive, AdheSE One (Ivoclar Vivadent Inc, Amherst, NY). Both groups were bonded using brackets precoated with a composite adhesive. The teeth were debonded within half an hour following initial bonding using a universal testing machine. After debonding, the enamel surface was examined under 10× magnifications to determine the amount of residual adhesive remaining on the tooth. A Student's t-test was used to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of the two groups, and the Chi-square test was used to compare the adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores for the two adhesive systems. Results: The mean SBS of the brackets bonded to the teeth using AdhesSE One was 3.6 ± 1.3 MPa and was significantly lower (t = 2.80, P = .01) than the SBS of the brackets bonded using Transbond Plus (x̄ = 5.9 ± 3.2 MPa). The comparisons of the ARI scores between the two groups (χ2 = 19.26) indicated that bracket failure mode was also significantly different (P < .001), with more adhesive remaining on the teeth bonded using Transbond Plus. Conclusions: The SBS of the new premixed self-etching adhesive needs to be increased for it to be successfully used for bonding orthodontic brackets.

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Enamel Deproteinization using Papacarie and 10% Papain Gel on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Before and After Acid Etching

Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry ◽

10.17796/1053-4628-39.4.348 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 348-357 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

RM Agarwal ◽

R Yeluri ◽

C Singh ◽

AK Munshi

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Shear Bond Strength ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Enamel Surface ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Acid Etching ◽

Group 4 ◽

Adhesive Remnant Index ◽

Before And After ◽

Group 2

Objective: To suggest Papacarie® as a new deproteinizing agent in comparison with indigenously prepared 10% papain gel before and after acid etching that may enhance the quality of the bond between enamel surface and composite resin complex. Study design: One hundred and twenty five extracted human premolars were utilized and divided into five groups: In the group 1, enamel surface was etched and primer was applied. In group 2, treatment with papacarie® for 60 seconds followed by etching and primer application. In group 3, etching followed by treatment with papacarie® for 60 seconds and primer application. In group 4, treatment with 10% papain gel for 60 seconds followed by etching and primer application. In group 5, etching followed by treatment with 10% papain gel for 60 seconds and primer application . After bonding the brackets, the mechanical testing was performed using a Universal testing machine. The failure mode was analyzed using an adhesive remnant index. The etching patterns before and after application of papacarie® and 10% papain gel was also evaluated using SEM. The values obtained for shear bond strength were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey test (p < 0.05). Results: It was observed that group 2 and group 4 had the highest shear bond strength and was statistically significant from other groups (p=0.001). Regarding Adhesive remnant index no statistical difference was seen between the groups (p=0.538). Conclusion: Papacarie® or 10% papain gel can be used to deproteinize the enamel surface before acid etching to enhance the bond strength of orthodontic brackets.

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Universal Adhesive for Fixed Retainer Bonding: In Vitro Evaluation and Randomized Clinical Trial

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14061341 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1341

Author(s):

Maria Francesca Sfondrini ◽

Simone Gallo ◽

Benedetta Turcato ◽

Mona A. Montasser ◽

Nehal Fouad Albelasy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Failure Rate ◽

Tangential Force ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Universal Adhesive ◽

Lower Canine ◽

Group 2 ◽

Fixed Retainers ◽

Group 1

This study aims to assess the efficacy of a universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal, 3M ESPE) (SB) in total-etch mode, compared to a traditional orthodontic primer (Transbond XT Primer, 3M ESPE) (XT Primer), to perform bonding of orthodontic fixed retainers along with the Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive Paste (3M ESPE). For the in vitro study, a round section wire (Ortosmail Krugg) was bonded using XT Primer for 20 bovine incisors (Group 1) and SB for other 20 (Group 2). Samples were debonded in a universal testing machine applying a tangential force to specimens (crosshead speed of 1 millimeter per minute). Shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were calculated. For the in vivo study, 100 patients needing upper and lower canine-to-canine fixed retainers after orthodontic treatment were randomly assigned to two groups of 50 participants each, i.e., group 1 (retainer bonding with XT Primer) and group 2 (retainer bonding with SB). Over two years, examinations were carried out monthly, and detachments were registered by considering the teeth and arches affected. In vitro, no statistically significant differences in SBS and ARI scores were demonstrated between the two groups, both showing a mean bond strength of about 12 MPa and major frequency of ARI “2” (>50% remnant adhesive on the enamel). Conversely, a significantly lower failure rate over 2 years was assessed clinically for group 2 in both arches. Independently of the adhesive and arch, incisors reported a significantly higher failure rate than canines. Scotchbond Universal used in total-etch mode could be a valid alternative to the traditional orthodontic Transbond XT Primer.

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Effect of Enamel Etching on Tensile Bond Strength of Brackets Bonded In Vivo with a Resin-reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/111705-402r.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 77 (1) ◽

pp. 113-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Gabriella Rosenbach ◽

Julio Pedrae Cal-Neto ◽

Silvio Rosan Oliveira ◽

Orlando Chevitarese ◽

Marco Antonio Almeida

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Glass Ionomer Cement ◽

Tensile Bond Strength ◽

Glass Ionomer ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Group 2 ◽

Ionomer Cement ◽

Group 1

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the influence of enamel etching on tensile bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement. Materials and Methods: The sample group consisted of 15 patients who had indications for extraction of four premolars for orthodontic reasons, equally divided into two different groups according to bracket and enamel preparation. Brackets were bonded in vivo, by the same operator, using a split mouth random technique: Group 1 (control), phosphoric acid + Fuji Ortho LC; Group 2, Fuji Ortho LC without acid conditioning. The teeth were extracted after 4 weeks using elevators. An Instron Universal Testing Machine was used to apply a tensile force directly to the enamel-bracket interface at a speed of 0.5 mm/min. The groups were compared using a Mann-Whitney U-test and Weibull analysis. Results: Mean results and standard deviations (in MPa) for the groups were: Group 1, 6.26 (3.21), Group 2, 6.52 (2.73). No significant difference was observed in the bond strengths of the two groups evaluated (P = .599). Conclusions: Fuji Ortho LC showed adequate shear bond strength and may be suitable for clinical use.

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Effect of fluoride solutions on the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402012000600012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (6) ◽

pp. 698-702 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Gabriela da Rocha Leódido ◽

Hianna Oliveira Fernandes ◽

Mateus Rodrigues Tonetto ◽

Cristina Dupim Presoto ◽

Matheus Coêlho Bandéca ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Shear Bond Strength ◽

Testing Machine ◽

In Vitro Study ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Adhesive Remnant Index ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tooth Surfaces ◽

Pre Treatment

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of brackets after pre-treatment with different fluoride solutions. This study used 48 freshly extracted sound bovine incisors that were randomly assigned to 4 experimental groups (n=12). CG: (control) without treatment; NF: 4 min application of neutral fluoride; APF: application of 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) for 4 min; and SFV: application of 5% sodium fluoride varnish for 6 h. For each group, after surface treatment, prophylaxis of enamel and bracket bonding with Transbond XT composite resin (3M) were performed following the manufacturer's specifications. The shear bond strength was performed with a universal testing machine 24 h after fixing the brackets. The tooth surfaces were analyzed to verify the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Data were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). There was statistically significant difference among the groups (p<0.0001). CG and NF groups presented significantly higher bond strength than APF and SFV. There was no significant difference between CG and NF or between APF and SFV (p>0.05). The analysis of ARI scores revealed that most failures occurred at the enamel-resin interface. It may be concluded that the pre-treatment of enamel with 1.23% APF and 5% SFV prior to fixing orthodontic brackets reduces shear bond strength values.

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Evaluation of an alternative technique to optimize direct bonding of orthodontic brackets to temporary crowns

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/2176-9451.20.4.057-062.oar ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 57-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Francilena Maria Campos Santos Dias ◽

Célia Regina Maio Pinzan-Vercelino ◽

Rudys Rodolfo de Jesus Tavares ◽

Júlio de Araújo Gurgel ◽

Fausto Silva Bramante ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Shear Bond Strength ◽

Composite Resin ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Surface Preparation ◽

Acrylic Resin ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Diamond Bur ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

OBJECTIVE: To compare shear bond strength of different direct bonding techniques of orthodontic brackets to acrylic resin surfaces.METHODS: The sample comprised 64 discs of chemically activated acrylic resin (CAAR) randomly divided into four groups: discs in group 1 were bonded by means of light-cured composite resin (conventional adhesive); discs in group 2 had surfaces roughened with a diamond bur followed by conventional direct bonding by means of light-cured composite resin; discs in group 3 were bonded by means of CAAR (alternative adhesive); and discs in group 4 had surfaces roughened with a diamond bur followed by direct bonding by means of CAAR. Shear bond strength values were determined after 24 hours by means of a universal testing machine at a speed of 0.5 mm/min, and compared by analysis of variance followed by post-hoc Tukey test. Adhesive remnant index (ARI) was measured and compared among groups by means of Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests.RESULTS: Groups 3 and 4 had significantly greater shear bond strength values in comparison to groups 1 and 2. Groups 3 and 4 yielded similar results. Group 2 showed better results when compared to group 1. In ARI analyses, groups 1 and 2 predominantly exhibited a score equal to 0, whereas groups 3 and 4 predominantly exhibited a score equal to 3.CONCLUSIONS: Direct bonding of brackets to acrylic resin surfaces using CAAR yielded better results than light-cured composite resin. Surface preparation with diamond bur only increased shear bond strength in group 2.

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In Vitro Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets after Enamel Conditioning with Acid Etching and Hydroabrasion

Dentistry Journal ◽

10.3390/dj8040108 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 108

Author(s):

Michele Tepedino ◽

Maciej Iancu Potrubacz ◽

Lorenzo Arrizza ◽

Manuela Russo ◽

Francesco Cavarra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Shear Bond Strength ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Acid Etching ◽

Adhesive Remnant Index ◽

Microscope Imaging ◽

The Cost

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength and adhesive remnant index ARI) of orthodontic brackets following enamel conditioning with acid etching, hydroabrasion, and with both procedures. Thirty extracted human premolars were divided into three groups and received either acid etching, hydroabrasion or both procedures. Orthodontic brackets were bonded with composite resin. Shear bond strength was tested with a tensile machine, then the teeth were observed under a stereomicroscope to evaluate ARI scores. The enamel morphology after each conditioning method was evaluated with scanning electron microscope imaging. A one-way ANOVA and a Kruskal−Wallis H test were used to compare the bond strength and the ARI scores among the three groups. Hydroabrasion alone produced shear bond strength values below clinical acceptability, while the combination of acid etching and hydroabrasion produced the highest values. The ARI scores in the hydroabrasion group were significantly different from the other groups. Hydroabrasion followed by acid etching was effective in increasing the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the cost and benefits of this technique.

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Effects of Fluorosis and Self Etching Primers on Shear Bond Strengths of Orthodontic Brackets

European Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1697428 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 03 (03) ◽

pp. 173-177 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Ahmet Yalcin Gungor ◽

Hakan Turkkahraman ◽

Necdet Adanir ◽

Huseyin Alkis

Keyword(s):

Bond Strength ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Universal Testing ◽

Adhesive Remnant Index ◽

Halogen Light ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bond Strengths ◽

Group Ii ◽

Clinical Changes

ABSTRACTObjectives: To evaluate the effects fluorosis and self etching primers (SEP) on shear bond strengths (SBS) of orthodontic brackets.Methods: A total of 48 (24 fluorosed and 24 non-fluorosed) non-carious freshly extracted human permanent premolar teeth were used in this study. Fluorosed teeth were selected according to the modified Thylstrup and Fejerskov index (TFI), which is based on the clinical changes in fluorosed teeth. Fluorosed and non-fluorosed teeth were randomly assigned to 4 groups of 12 each. In groups I (non-fluorosed teeth) and II (fluorosed teeth), standard etching protocol was used and brackets were bonded with Light Bond. In groups III (non-fluorosed teeth) and IV (fluorosed teeth), Transbond Plus SEP was used and brackets were bonded with Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive. All specimens were cured with a halogen light. After bonding, SBS of the brackets were tested with Universal testing machine. After debonding, all teeth and brackets in the test groups were examined under 10x magnifications. Any adhesive remained after debonding was assessed and scored according to the modified Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI).Results: ANOVA indicated a significant difference between groups (P<.001). SBS in group II (Light Bond+Fluorosis) were significantly lower than other groups. ARI scores of the groups were also significantly different (P<.001). There was a greater frequency of ARI scores of 1,2 and 3 in group II (Light Bond+Fluorosis).Conclusions: When standard etching protocol was used enamel fluorosis significantly decreased the bond strength of orthodontic brackets. Satisfactory bond strengths were obtained when SEP was used for bonding brackets to the fluorosed teeth. (Eur J Dent 2009;3:173-177)

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A Self-Conditioner for Resin-Modified Glass Ionomers in Bonding Orthodontic Brackets

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/070606-280.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 77 (4) ◽

pp. 711-715 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Samir E. Bishara ◽

Adam W. Ostby ◽

John Laffoon ◽

John J. Warren

Keyword(s):

Polyacrylic Acid ◽

Testing Machine ◽

Orthodontic Brackets ◽

Shear Mode ◽

Adhesive Remnant Index ◽

Group 3 ◽

The Mean ◽

Group 2 ◽

Self Etch ◽

Bracket Failure

Abstract Objective: To evaluate a new self-etch conditioner used with resin-modified glass ionomers (RMGIs) in bonding orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: Sixty human molars were cleaned, mounted, and randomly divided into three groups. In group 1 (control), 20 orthodontic brackets were bonded to teeth using Transbond Plus Self-etching Primer; in group 2, 20 brackets were bonded using an RMGI with a 10% polyacrylic acid conditioner. In group 3, 20 brackets were bonded using Fuji Ortho LC with a new no-rinse self-conditioner for RMGIs. The same bracket type was used on all groups. The teeth were debonded in shear mode using a universal testing machine, and the amount of residual adhesive remaining on each tooth was evaluated. Analysis of variance was used to compare the shear bond strength (SBS), and the χ2 test was used to compare the Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores. Results: There were no significant differences in the SBS (P = .556) between the groups. The mean SBS for Transbond Plus was 8.6 ± 2.6 MPa, for Fuji Ortho LC using 10% polyacrylic acid 9.1 ± 4.6 MPa, and for Fuji Ortho LC using GC Self-conditioner 9.9 ± 4.1 MPa. The comparisons of the ARI scores between the three groups (χ2 = 35.5) indicated that bracket failure mode was significantly different (P < .001), with more adhesive remaining on the teeth bonded using Transbond. Conclusions: The new self-etch conditioner can be used with an RMGI to successfully bond brackets. In addition, brackets bonded with Fuji Ortho LC resulted in less residual adhesive remaining on the teeth.

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