Antimicrobial Efficacy of Glass Ionomer Cement in Incorporation with Biogenic Zingiber officinale Capped Silver-Nanobiotic, Chlorhexidine Diacetate and Lyophilized Miswak

In the present study, Zingiber officinale is used for the synthesis of Zingiber officinale capped silver nanoparticles (ZOE-AgNPs) and compares the antimicrobial efficacy and compressive strength of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) combined with ZOE-AgNPs, lyophilized miswak, and chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX) against oral microbes. Five groups of the disc-shaped GIC specimens were prepared. Group A: lyophilized miswak and GIC combination, Group B: ZOE-AgNPs and GIC combinations, Group C: CHX and GIC combination, Group D: ZOE-AgNPs + CHX + GIC; Group E: Conventional GIC. Results confirmed the successful formation of ZOE-AgNPs that was monitored by UV-Vis sharp absorption spectra at 415 nm. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) results revealed the formation of ZOE-AgNPs with a mean size 10.5–14.12 nm. The peaks of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were appearing the involvement of ZOE components onto the surface of ZOE-AgNPs which played as bioreducing, and stabilizing agents. At a 24-h, one-week and three-week intervals, Group D showed the significantly highest mean inhibitory zones compared to Group A, Group B, and Group C. At microbe-level comparison, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus were inhibited significantly by all the specimens tested except group E when compared to Candida albicans. Group D specimens showed slightly higher (45.8 ± 5.4) mean compressive strength in comparison with other groups. The combination of GIC with ZOE-AgNPs and chlorhexidine together enhanced its antimicrobial efficacy and compressive strength compared to GIC with ZOE-AgNPs or lyophilized miswak or chlorhexidine combination alone. The present study revealed that The combination of GIC with active components of ZOE-AgNPs and chlorhexidine paves the way to lead its effective nano-dental materials applications.

Human Remains Identification Using Micro-CT, Spectroscopic and A.I. Methods in Forensic Experimental Reconstruction of Dental Patterns After Concentrated Acid Significant Impact

(1) Human teeth are the most resilient tissues in the body. However, exposure to concentrated acids might lead to their obliteration, thus making human identification difficult. Teeth often contain dental restorations from materials that are even more resilient to acid impact. This paper introduces novel method of 3D reconstruction of dental patterns as a crucial step for digital identification with dental records.; (2) With combination of modern methods of Micro-Computed Tomography, Cone Beam Computed Tomography, Attenuated Total Reflection in conjunction with Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Artificial Intelligence Convolutional Neural Network algorithms, the paper presents the way of 3D dental pattern reconstruction and human remains identification. Research studies morphology of teeth, bone and dental materials (Amalgam, Composite, Glass-ionomer cement) under different periods of exposure to 75% sulfuric acid; (3) Results reveal significant volume loss in bone, enamel, dentine and as well glass-ionomer cement. Results also reveal significant resistance of composite and amalgam dental materials to sulfuric acid impact, thus serving as strong parts in the dental pattern mosaic. Paper also introduces probably first successful artificial intelligence application in automated forensic CBCT segmentation.; (4) Interdisciplinary cooperation utilizing mentioned technologies can solve problem of human remains identification with 3D reconstruction of dental patterns and their 2D projections over existing ante-mortem records.

Zirconia Inlay on Vital Teeth with Profunda Caries

Background: Dental caries has historically been considered the most critical component of the global burden of oral disease. Health facilities and dental health education counselling have been conducted, but public knowledge about dental caries is still low. The increasing number of dental caries is currently influenced by one of the factors of community behaviour. Most people do not realize the importance of taking care of oral and dental health. The ignorance of the community results in a decrease in productivity due to the influence of the perceived illness. Advances in dentistry since the last decade has allowed the use of conservative dental care. Modern restorative dentistry offers many methods for restoring teeth, both direct and indirect. The need for restoration of posterior teeth is related to aesthetic purposes and functional, biocompatibility and biomechanical aspects of the remaining tooth structure. Some materials that are widely used as tooth-coloured indirect restorations in posterior teeth are zirconia. Zirconia has its characteristics, especially in terms of functionality, such as mechanical strength, physical strength and aesthetics. Purpose: This study aims to determine the management of indirect restoration treatment using zirconia inlay on upper premolar. Case(s): A 46-yearold male patient complained that the filling of his upper left tooth was often loose and uncomfortable when used for eating because the food was stuck in it. The patient wants his teeth treated. The history of treatment on the tooth in question has been patched two times, but it often comes off partially. Case Management: From the examination that has been carried out, a clinical diagnosis of reversible pulpitis was established. The treatment plan that will be carried out is indirect pulpcapping using MTA and resin-modified glass ionomer cement as the base material. The planned restoration treatment is a fixed inlay restoration made of monolithic zirconia. Conclusion: Recently, zirconia has also been developed staining with improved translucency so that it becomes more aesthetic. Zirconia has a higher level of material resistance than otherrestorative materials such as composites. This is what makes zirconia the choice, especially for use as a framework for all-ceramic and partially-fixed crowns dental prosthesis.

Evaluasi morfologi permukaan semen ionomer kaca dengan modifikasi penambahan nanokitosan kumbang tanduk Surface morphology evaluation of glass ionomer cement modified with nano chitosan of rhinoceros beetle

Pendahuluan: Penambahan nanokitosan pada modifikasi bahan restorasi kedokteran gigi bertujuan untuk memperbaiki sifat mekanik. Sifat mekanik dari suatu bahan dipengaruhi oleh struktur permukaannya. Bahan restorasi yang banyak dilakukan modifikasi yaitu Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK), salah satunya dengan menambahkan nanokitosan. Sumber nanokitosan dapat berasal dari eksoskeleton serangga kumbang tanduk (Xylotrupes gideon). Xylotrupes gideon memiliki kandungan kitin sebesar 47%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis morfologi permukaan semen ionomer kaca dengan modifikasi penambahan nanokitosan kumang tanduk. Metode: Jenis penelitian yaitu eksperimental laboratorium. Sampel berbentuk silindris dengan ukuran 6 mm (tinggi) × 4 mm (diameter). Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Jumlah sampel minimal sebanyak 1 sampel untuk setiap kelompok yaitu kelompok (A) SIK konvensional (kontrol), (B) SIK modifikasi 10% vol/vol larutan nanokitosan, (C) SIK modifikasi 5% vol/vol larutan nanokitosan, (D) SIK modifikasi 10% weight/weight bubuk nanokitosan, dan (E) SIK modifikasi 5% weight/weight bubuk nanokitosan. Sampel yang telah dibuat disimpan dalam inkubator dengan suhu 37°C. Karakterisasi morfologi permukaan sampel menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Hasil: Karakterisasi SEM menunjukkan adanya variasi retakan pada permukaan sampel yang diperiksa dengan pembesaran 2000× dan 3500×. SIK modifikasi bubuk nanokitosan menunjukkan lebih banyak retakan pada permukaannya serta peningkatan rasio nanokitosan kumbang tanduk menunjukkan peningkatan keretakan pada morfologi permukaan SIK. Simpulan: Penambahan nanokitosan kumbang tanduk (Xylotrupes gideon) pada Semen Ionomer Kaca mengakibatkan perubahan morfologi permukaan SIK.Kata kunci: Semen ionomer kaca; kumbang tanduk; scanning electron microscopy ABSTRACTIntroduction: The addition of nanochitosan to the modification of dental restorative materials improves mechanical properties. Its surface structure influences the mechanical properties of a material. The restoration material that has been modified a lot is Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC), one of which is by adding nano chitosan. The source of nano chitosan can be derived from the exoskeleton of the rhinoceros beetle (Xylotrupes gideon). Rhinoceros beetle has a chitin content of 47%. This study aims to analyse the surface morphology of the glass ionomer cement with the modification of the addition of nano chitosan of rhinoceros beetle. Methods: This type of research was an experimental laboratory. The sample was cylindrical with 6 mm (height) × 4 mm (diameter). The sampling used was a purposive sampling technique. The minimum number of samples was one sample for each group, namely group (A) conventional (control) GIC, (B) modified GIC 10% vol/vol nanochitosan solution, (C) GIC modified 5% vol/vol nanochitosan solution, (D) GIC modification of 10% weight/weight of nanochitosan powder, and (E) modified GIC of 5% weight/weight of nanochitosan powder. Samples that have been made were stored in an incubator at 37°C. Characterisation of the surface morphology of the sample using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: SEM characterisation showed variations of cracks on the surface of the samples examined at 2000x and 3500x magnification. GIC modified nano chitosan powder showed more cracks on the surface, and an increase in the ratio of rhinoceros beetle nano chitosan showed an increase in cracks in the surface morphology of the GIC. Conclusions: The addition of nano chitosan of rhinoceros beetle to the GIC resulted in changes in the surface morphology.Keywords: Glass ionomer cement; rhinoceros beetle; scanning electron microscopy

Effects of Nanohydroxyapatite Incorporation into Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC)

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) or polyalkenoate cement is a water-based cement that is commonly used in clinical dentistry procedures as a restorative material. It exhibits great properties such as fluoride-ion release, good biocompatibility, ease of use and great osteoconductive properties. However, GIC’s low mechanical properties have become a major drawback, limiting the cement’s usage, especially in high stress-bearing areas. Nanohydroxyapatite, which is a biologically active phosphate ceramic, is added as a specific filler into glass ionomer cement to improve its properties. In this review, it is shown that incorporating hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA) into GIC has been proven to exhibit better physical properties, such as increasing the compressive strength and fracture toughness. It has also been shown that the addition of nanohydroxyapatite into GIC reduces cytotoxicity and microleakage, whilst heightening its fluoride ion release and antibacterial properties. This review aims to provide a brief overview of the recent studies elucidating their recommendations which are linked to the benefits of incorporating hydroxyapatite nanoparticles into glass ionomer cement.

Effect of Resin Coating on Surface Roughness and Microhardness of High Viscous Glass Ionomer Cements

High viscous glass ionomer cement (HVGIC) was recently developed for atraumatic restorative treatment (ART). However, its moisture sensitivity remains a limitation thus protective coating application is recommended. This study investigated the effect of resin coating on the surface roughness and microhardness of two HVGICs (Riva Self Cure HVGIC [RV] and Equia® Forte Fil [EQ]) conditioned in food-simulating liquids (FSLs). Fifty standard disc-shaped samples were fabricated using customised stainless-steel mould (10 × 2 mm). Coating was applied on top surface of all samples and subsequently divided into five groups: air (control), distilled water, 0.02 N citric acid, heptane and 50% ethanol-water solution. The samples were conditioned in FSLs at 37°C for seven days. Subsequently, the surface roughness and microhardness of samples were measured using optical profilometry and microhardness tester, respectively. SEM analysis was done for qualitative observation of surface morphological changes. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA and posthoc Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Interestingly, the results revealed that surface roughness was significantly influenced by FSLs immersion, presence of coating and the materials itself (p < 0.001). The lowest surface roughness was found on control coated samples: RV (50.98±4.25) nm and EQ (62.77±3.92) nm, while the highest values seen on uncoated surfaces in citric acid: RV (505.26±31.10) nm and EQ (350.33±15.36) nm. RV samples had the lowest microhardness of 54.97±2.48 Vickers hardness number (VHN) post-immersion in citric acid. In conclusion, with the exception of RV conditioned in heptane and ethanol, the uncoated HVGICs generally had higher surface roughness than the coated HVGICs. HVGICs conditioned in citric acid showed the most significant increase in surface roughness and reduction in microhardness.

Effect of Luting Cement and Convergence Angle of the Preparation on the Internal Fit of Zirconia Restorations

The objective was to evaluate the effect of luting agents and the preparation design on the internal fit of zirconia restorations. Sixty dies were prepared and divided in occlusal convergence angle of 6° (OC6) and 12° (OC12). CAD/CAM zirconia copings were fabricated (Lava All-Ceramic System). A zinc phosphate cement (ZPC); a glass ionomer cement (GIC); and a resin cement (RC) were studied. Specimens were sectioned and coping/die discrepancies were evaluated through Stereoscopic Microscopy. A closer fit was observed in OC12 when compared to OC6 (p < 0.001). For OC6 no significant differences were observed in between ZPC, GIC, and RC (p > 0.05). For OC12, a significantly closer fit was recorded on the ZPC subgroup when compared to the GIC subgroup (p < 0.001). Preparations of 12 degrees demonstrated a closer internal fit when compared to 6 degrees. Preparations of 12 degrees achieved better internal fit values with ZPC (Fortex) followed by RC (RelyX Unicem), and GIC (Ketac Cem). No differences were found when comparing different luting agents over 6° degrees preparations.