scholarly journals Evidence of separate karyotype evolutionary pathway in Euglossa orchid bees by cytogenetic analyses

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 937-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDERSON FERNANDES ◽  
HUGO A. WERNECK ◽  
SILVIA G. POMPOLO ◽  
DENILCE M. LOPES
Keyword(s):  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Solitary Bees ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Evolutionary Pathway ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Chromosomal Organization ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Cytogenetic Analyses ◽  
Social Bee ◽  
Heterochromatin Content

Euglossini are solitary bees considered important pollinators of many orchid species. Information regarding chromosome organization is available for only a small number of species in this group. In the present work, the species Euglossa townsendi and E. carolina were analyzed by cytogenetic techniques to collect information that may aid the understanding of their evolution and chromosomal organization. The chromosome number found was n = 21 for males and 2n = 42 for females in the two species. The distribution and amount of heterochromatin regions differed in the two species analyzed, where they were classified as “high” or “low” heterochromatin content, similarly to what has already been performed in social bee species of the genus Melipona. Banding patterns found in this study suggest that other mechanisms may have occurred in the karyotype evolution of this group, unlike those suggested for social bees and ants. Karyotype evolution of solitary bees appears to have occurred as an event separate from other hymenopterans and did not involve chromosome fissions and heterochromatin amplification.

Opportunistic Occupation of Nests of Microcerotermes spp. Silvestri (Termitidae, Termitinae) by Partamona seridoensis Camargo & Pedro (Apidae, Meliponini) in the Brazilian Tropical Dry Forest

Sociobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Felipe Fonseca Nunes De Oliveira ◽  
Luiz Luz Da Silva ◽  
Michael Hrncir
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Tropical Dry Forest ◽  
Stingless Bee ◽  
Environmental Stressors ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Nasutitermes Corniger ◽  
Climatic Environment ◽  
Brazilian Northeast ◽  
Social Bee

Social bees make use of natural or animal-built structures to protect their colonies from environmental stressors. Here, particularly attractive shelters are active termite nests because they provide a stable climatic environment for inquilines. Several social bee species form obligatory associations with termites, among these the stingless bee Partamona seridoensis (Apidae, Meliponini), whose distribution is limited to the Tropical Dry Forest in the Brazilian Northeast. So far, colonies of this meliponine species have been found mainly in arboreal nests of the termite Constrictotermes cyphergaster, which suggests a tight relationship between these two social insect species. The present study was conducted in an area of the Tropical Dry Forest in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Norte, where P. seridoensis naturally occurs albeit the absence of C. cyphergaster. We registered 14 colonies of P. seridoensis, all occupying active arboreal nests of termites of the genus Microcerotermes. The only other termites with arboreal nests present in the study area, Nasutitermes corniger, never housed P. seridoensis. This selective preference of the bees for Microcerotermes nests might be due to differences between termites concerning defense mechanisms or concerning thermal stability within the nests.

Karyotype evolution and chromosome C-banding patterns in some Podismini grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae)

Caryologia ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bugrov ◽  
E. Warchalowska-Śliwa ◽  
A. Maryańska-Nadachowska
Keyword(s):  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding

scholarly journals Karyotype asymmetry shapes diversity within the physaloids (Physalidinae, Physalideae, Solanaceae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julieta Rodríguez ◽  
Rocío Deanna ◽  
Franco Chiarini
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Independent Events ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Karyotype Asymmetry ◽  
Chromosome Arm ◽  
Cytogenetic Analyses ◽  
Diploid Ancestor

AbstractWithin the cosmopolitan family Solanaceae, Physalideae is the tribe with the highest generic diversity (30 genera and more than 200 species). This tribe embraces subtribe Physalidinae, in which positions of some genera are not entirely resolved. Chromosomes may help on this goal, by providing information on the processes underlying speciation. Thus, cytogenetic analyses were carried out in the subtribe in order to establish its chromosome number and morphology. Physalidinae is characterized by x = 12 and most species shows a highly asymmetric karyotype. These karyotype traits were mapped onto a molecular phylogeny to test the congruence between karyotype evolution and clade differentiation. A diploid ancestor was reconstructed for the subtribe, and five to six polyploidy independent events were estimated, plus one aneuploidy event (X = 11 in the monotypic genus Quincula). Comparative phylogenetic methods showed that asymmetry indices and chromosome arm ratio (r) have a high phylogenetic signal, whereas the number of telocentric and submetacentric chromosomes presented a conspicuous amount of changes. Karyotype asymmetry allow us to differentiate genera within the subtribe. Overall, our study suggests that Physalidineae diversification has been accompanied by karyotype changes, which can be applied to delimit genera within the group.

scholarly journals Cytogenetic analyses in Trinomys (Echimyidae, Rodentia), with description of new karyotypes

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e5316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naiara Pereira Araújo ◽  
Cayo Augusto Rocha Dias ◽  
Rodolfo Stumpp ◽  
Marta Svartman
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Mapping ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Nucleolar Organizer Regions ◽  
45S Rdna ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Pericentric Inversions ◽  
Cytogenetic Analyses ◽  
First Time

Trinomys Thomas (1921) is a terrestrial genus of spiny rats endemic to the Brazilian areas of Atlantic Forest and the transitional areas of Cerrado and Caatinga. Although most species have been already karyotyped, the available cytogenetic information is mostly restricted to diploid and fundamental numbers. We analyzed the chromosomes of two Trinomys species: Trinomys moojeni (2n = 56, FN = 106) and Trinomys setosus setosus (2n = 56, FN = 106 and 2n = 56, FN = 108). Our analyses included GTG- and CBG-banding, silver-staining of the nucleolar organizer regions, and chromosome mapping of telomeres and 45S rDNA by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Comparative GTG- and CBG-banding suggested that the interspecific variation may be due to rearrangements such as pericentric inversions, centromere repositioning, and heterochromatin variation. We report two new karyotypes for T. s. setosus and describe for the first time the banding patterns of the two Trinomys species.

scholarly journals Molecular Cytogenetic Characterization of the Sicilian Endemic Pond Turtle Emys trinacris and the Yellow-Bellied Slider Trachemys scripta scripta (Testudines, Emydidae)

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Scardino ◽  
Sofia Mazzoleni ◽  
Michail Rovatsos ◽  
Luca Vecchioni ◽  
Francesca Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Trachemys Scripta ◽  
Turtle Species ◽  
Telomeric Sequences ◽  
Pond Turtle ◽  
Rdna Loci ◽  
Cytogenetic Analyses ◽  
Staining Methods ◽  
Emys Trinacris

Turtles, a speciose group consisting of more than 300 species, demonstrate karyotypes with diploid chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 26 to 2n = 68. However, cytogenetic analyses have been conducted only to 1/3rd of the turtle species, often limited to conventional staining methods. In order to expand our knowledge of the karyotype evolution in turtles, we examined the topology of the (TTAGGG)n telomeric repeats and the rDNA loci by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the karyotypes of two emydids: the Sicilian pond turtle, Emys trinacris, and the yellow-bellied slider, Trachemys scripta scripta (family Emydidae). Furthermore, AT-rich and GC-rich chromosome regions were detected by DAPI and CMA3 stains, respectively. The cytogenetic analysis revealed that telomeric sequences are restricted to the terminal ends of all chromosomes and the rDNA loci are localized in one pair of microchromosomes in both species. The karyotype of the Sicilian endemic E. trinacris with diploid number 2n = 50, consisting of 13 pairs of macrochromosomes and 12 pairs of microchromosomes, is presented here for first time. Our comparative examination revealed similar cytogenetic features in Emys trinacris and the closely related E. orbicularis, as well as to other previously studied emydid species, demonstrating a low rate of karyotype evolution, as chromosomal rearrangements are rather infrequent in this group of turtles.

Chromosome banding patterns in the annual species of Cicer

Genome ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 656-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. I. Tayyar ◽  
A. J. Lukaszewski ◽  
J. G. Waines
Keyword(s):  
Haploid Genome ◽  
Genome Length ◽  
Chromosome Identification ◽  
Annual Species ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
C Banding ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Group Variation ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Heterochromatin Content

Somatic karyotypes of the nine annual species of Cicer (2n = 16) were analyzed using C-banding. Highly significant differences in haploid genome length and C-band positive heterochromatin content were observed. The haploid genome length ranged from 20.0 μm in the wild species C. judaicum to 28.7 μm in the cultivated species C. arietinum, and significant differences for this character were observed between accessions within several species. Based on their heterochromatin content, the species were divided into two groups: low heterochromatin content (average of 41.7%), which included C. arietinum, C. chorassanicum, C. echinospermum, C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum, C. reticulatum, and C. yamashitae, and high heterochromatin content (average of 59.5%), which included C. bijugum and C. cuneatum. Within-group variation for heterochromatin content was insignificant, while differences between groups were highly significant. There seemed to be a trend for reduction in C-heterochromatin content in the course of evolution in Cicer. In all species studied, C-bands were located proximally around the centromere with occasional bands in intercalary and distal positions. C-banding patterns allowed for chromosome identification and matching pairs of homologues in all species analyzed.Key words: C-banding, chickpea, heterochromatin, karyotype.

Chromosome morphology in Gilbert's potoroo, Potorous gilbertii (Marsupialia : Potoroidae)

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 281 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Sinclair ◽  
A. R. Murch ◽  
M. Di Renzo ◽  
M. Palermo
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sex Chromosomes ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Chromosome Morphology ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Giemsa Banding ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Multiple Gene ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Evolution Of Karyotypes

Chromosome morphology was examined for male and female Gilbert’s potoroo, Potorous gilbertii, to infer taxonomic and evolutionary relationships among the extant taxa within the genus Potorous. P. gilbertii has the same number of chromosomes as P. tridactylus, 2n = 12,13. Giemsa-banding patterns were very similar in P. gilbertii and P. tridactylus; however, differences were noted between the sex chromosomes. Given that the relationships among extant Potorous are unresolved, we mapped karyotypes onto two alternative phylogenies to suggest methods of karyotype evolution within this group. Karyotypes and molecular-based information from the now ‘presumed extinct’ P. platyops or sequencing of multiple gene regions for phylogenetic analysis within the Potoroidae would provide valuable information for resolving the issue of rooting, and hence drawing conclusions on the evolution of karyotypes within this group.

scholarly journals Connectance of Brazilian social bee: food plant networks is influenced by habitat, but not by latitude, altitude or network size

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacobus C. Biesmeijer ◽  
E. Judith Slaa ◽  
Marina Siqueira de Castro ◽  
Blandina Felipe Viana ◽  
Astrid de M. P. Kleinert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Network Size ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Atlantic Rain Forest ◽  
Flower Visitor ◽  
Flower Visitors ◽  
Social Bees ◽  
Plant Flower ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Social Bee

Several recent studies suggest that the level of generalization (measured as percentage connectance) of plant-pollinator networks has several ecological correlates, e.g. latitude and altitude. Here we report on levels of generalization in 27 two-mode networks of social bees and their food plants in various Brazilian habitats and urban environments. Social bees are generalist foragers and are among the most abundant flower visitors in Brazil. They probably account for 30-50% of all plant - flower visitor interactions. Connectance was significantly influenced by habitat. Cerrado forests showed lower connectance than the dry dune habitats, with Atlantic rain forest and urban sites taking intermediate position and arid Caatinga being similar to dunes. This shows that generalization in a plant - flower visitor community can be influenced by habitat even within a group of generalist flower visitors, in our case social bees. We show that the strength of the interactions is not different between Cerrado and semi-arid habitats (dunes and Caatinga) and discuss other explanations for our findings.

scholarly journals Karyotypes diversity in some Iranian Pamphagidae grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Pamphagidae): new insights on the evolution of the neo-XY sex chromosomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-566
Author(s):  
Olesya Buleu ◽  
Ilyas Jetybayev ◽  
Mohsen Mofidi-Neyestanak ◽  
Alexander Bugrov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Ribosomal Dna ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Telomeric Dna ◽  
Banding Patterns ◽  
Dna Motif ◽  
The Family ◽  
First Time

For the first time, cytogenetic features of grasshoppers from Iran have been studied. In this paper we conducted a comparative cytogenetic analysis of six species from the family Pamphagidae. The species studied belong to subfamilies Thrinchinae Stål, 1876 (Eremopeza bicoloripes (Moritz, 1928), E. saussurei (Uvarov, 1918)) and Pamphaginae (Saxetania paramonovi (Dirsh, 1927), Tropidauchen escalerai Bolívar, 1912, Tropidauchen sp., and Paranothrotes citimus Mistshenko, 1951). We report information about the chromosome number and morphology, C-banding patterns, and localization of ribosomal DNA clusters and telomeric (TTAGG)n repeats. Among these species, only S. paramonovi had an ancestral Pamphagidae karyotype (2n=18+X0♂; FN=19♂). The karyotypes of the remaining species differed from the ancestral karyotypes. The karyotypes of E. bicoloripes and E. saussurei, despite having the same chromosome number (2n=18+X0♂) had certain biarmed chromosomes (FN=20♂ and FN=34♂ respectively). The karyotypes of T. escalerai and Tropidauchen sp. consisted of eight pairs of acrocentric autosomes, one submetacentric neo-X chromosome and one acrocentric neo-Y chromosome in males (2n=16+neo-X neo-Y♂). The karyotype of P. citimus consisted of seven pairs of acrocentric autosomes, submetacentric the neo-X1 and neo-Y and acrocentric the neo-X2 chromosomes (2n=14+neo-X1 neo-X2 neo-Y♂). Comparative analysis of the localization and size of C-positive regions, the position of ribosomal clusters and the telomeric DNA motif in the chromosomes of the species studied, revealed early unknown features of their karyotype evolution. The data obtained has allowed us to hypothesize that the origin and early phase of evolution of the neo-Xneo-Y♂ sex chromosome in the subfamily Pamphaginae, are linked to the Iranian highlands.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document