Assessment of sand fly (Diptera, Psychodidae) control using cypermethrin in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Montes Claros in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, was considered an intense transmission area for visceral leishmaniasis. This study evaluated sand fly fauna after insecticide application. Captures were performed in 10 districts from September 2005 to August 2006 with CDC light traps inside and outside each residence. Cypermethrin was sprayed in two cycles during November/2005 and May/2006. The 636 specimens collected, belonging to 10 species, were predominantly Lutzomyia longipalpis (79%), and most frequently males (70%). The highest percentage of specimens were captured in areas surrounding domiciles (85.8%). The main species were observed to be sensitive to treatment with the insecticide. The results showed a reduction in the number of sand flies collected after use of cypermethrin in homes and annexes, and with residual effect lasting from two to four months.

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Ecology of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia migonei in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612014068 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 320-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Rafaella Albuquerque Silva ◽

Fabricio Kassio Moura Santos ◽

Lindemberg Caranha de Sousa ◽

Elizabeth Ferreira Rangel ◽

Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Leishmania Infantum ◽

Indoor Environment ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Sampling Points ◽

Lutzomyia Migonei

The main vector for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is Lutzomyia longipalpis. However, the absence of L. longipalpis in a region of autochthonous VL demonstrates the participation of other species in the transmission of the parasite. Studies conducted in La Banda, Argentina, and São Vicente Férrer, Pernambuco State, Brazil, have correlated the absence of L. longipalpisand the presence of L. migonei with autochthonous cases of VL. In São Vicente Férrer, Pernambuco, there was evidence for the natural infection of L. migonei with Leishmania infantum chagasi. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the ecology of the sand flies L. longipalpis and L. migonei in Fortaleza, an endemic area for VL. Insect capture was conducted at 22 sampling points distributed across four regions of Fortaleza. In total, 32,403 sand flies were captured; of these, 18,166 (56%) were identified as L. longipalpis and 14,237 (44%) as L. migonei. There were significant density differences found between the vectors at each sampling site (indoors and outdoors) (p <0.0001). These findings confirm that L. migonei and L. longipalpis are distributed throughout Fortaleza, where they have adapted to an indoor environment, and suggest that L. migonei may share the role as a vector with L. longipalpis in the transmission of VL in Fortaleza.

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Importance of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the dynamics of transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the endemic area of Porteirinha Municipality, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Veterinary Parasitology ◽

10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.05.006 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 131 (3-4) ◽

pp. 213-220 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

João C. França-Silva ◽

Ricardo A. Barata ◽

Roberto T. da Costa ◽

Érika Michalsky Monteiro ◽

George L. L. Machado-Coelho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis

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Entomological Studies in Itaúna, Brazil, an Area With Visceral Leishmaniasis Transmission: Fauna Survey, Natural Leishmania Infection, and Molecular Characterization of the Species Circulating in Phlebotomine Sand Flies (Diptera: Psychodidae)

Journal of Medical Entomology ◽

10.1093/jme/tjz061 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 1368-1376 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Josiane V Lopes ◽

Erika M Michalsky ◽

Nathalia C L Pereira ◽

Adão J V de Paula ◽

Fabiana O Lara-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Natural Infection ◽

Local Population ◽

Influential Factor ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Health Concern ◽

Leishmania Infection ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies

Abstract Among neglected tropical diseases, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) shows great relevance in global terms and is a serious public health concern due to the possibility of severe and lethal forms in humans. In this study, we evaluate entomological factors such as diversity and abundance of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) and the Leishmania species circulating in these species in possible association with VL transmission in the Brazilian town Itaúna. The entomological collections were performed during three consecutive nights, always in the third week of each month, within a period of 12 mo. A total of 1,786 sand fly specimens were collected, from which 20% were collected inside houses. The influence of three local climatic variables (temperature, rainfall, relative humidity) on the population sizes of these insects was evaluated. Temperature was the most influential factor, with a significant positive correlation with the local population size of phlebotomine sand flies collected per month. Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) was the predominant species in the study area. Leishmania DNA was detected in nine out of 133 pools of sand fly females, using nested/PCR, which resulted in a minimal natural infection rate of 2.91%. DNA from Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908 (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatida), was detected in Evandromyia cortelezzii (Bréthes, 1923), Ev. evandroi (Costa, Lima & Antunes, 1936), Ev. lenti (Mangabeira, 1938), and Ev. termitophila (Martins, Falcão & Silva, 1964), besides Lu. longipalpis. Our study indicates favorable conditions for VL spreading in Itaúna due to the presence of Lu. longipalpis and Le. infantum-infected phlebotomine sand flies.

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Insights into the salivary N-glycome of Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis

10.1101/2020.06.03.132746 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Karina Mondragon-Shem ◽

Katherine Wongtrakul-Kish ◽

Radoslaw P. Kozak ◽

Shi Yan ◽

Iain Wilson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Salivary Proteins ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Detailed Structural Analysis ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Sds Page ◽

Before And After

AbstractDuring Leishmania transmission sand flies inoculate parasites and saliva into the skin of vertebrates. Saliva has anti-haemostatic and anti-inflammatory activities that evolved to facilitate bloodfeeding, but also modulate the host’s immune responses. Sand fly salivary proteins have been extensively studied, but the nature and biological roles of protein-linked glycans remain overlooked. Here, we characterised the profile of N-glycans from the salivary glycoproteins of Lutzomyia longipalpis, vector of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas. In silico predictions suggest half of Lu. longipalpis salivary proteins may be N-glycosylated. SDS-PAGE coupled to LC-MS analysis of sand fly saliva, before and after enzymatic deglycosylation, revealed several candidate glycoproteins. To determine the diversity of N-glycan structures in sand fly saliva, enzymatically released sugars were fluorescently tagged and analysed by HPLC, combined with highly sensitive LC-MS/MS, MALDI-TOF-MS, and exoglycosidase treatments. We found that the N-glycan composition of Lu. longipalpis saliva mostly consists of oligomannose sugars, with Man5GlcNAc2 being the most abundant, and a few hybrid-type species. Interestingly, some glycans appear modified with a group of 144 Da, whose identity has yet to be confirmed. Our work presents the first detailed structural analysis of sand fly salivary glycans.

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SURVEY OF SANDFLY FAUNA (DIPTERA: PSYCHODIDAE) IN UBERLÂNDIA, MINAS GERAIS STATE, BRAZIL, 2003-2004

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652013000200004 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 85-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Márcia Beatriz Cardoso de Paula ◽

Amaral Alves de Souza ◽

Alessandro Ambrósio dos Reis ◽

Jean Ezequiel Limongi ◽

Adalberto de Albuquerque Pajuaba Neto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Domestic Animal ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Animal Shelters ◽

Minas Gerais State

We analyzed the sandflies around houses and domestic animal shelters located in residences close to forests in localities on the banks of the Araguari River, Uberlândia, MG, from February 2003 to November 2004. The phlebotomines were captured in the peridomiciliary area, where Shannon traps were utilized in the peridomicile and CDC traps in animal shelters. 2,783 specimens of sandflies were captured, 2,140 females (76.9%) and 643 males (23.1%), distributed between 17 species. The most abundant species was Nyssomyia neivai (88.1%), followed by Nyssomyia whitmani (3.1%). The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis was also confirmed, it is the main vector of Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi which causes visceral leishmaniasis. The presence of species involved in the transmission of leishmaniases in the municipality of Uberlândia is cause for concern. The presence of L. longipalpis indicates that its urbanization may not have been aleatory and instead occurred through the destruction of wild ecotopes. More studies of their occupation in anthropic environments need to be made.

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Effects of larval rearing substrates on some life-table parameters of Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0009034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. e0009034

Author(s):

Kelsilandia Aguiar Martins ◽

Maria Helena de Athayde Meirelles ◽

Tiago Feitosa Mota ◽

Ibrahim Abbasi ◽

Artur Trancoso Lopo de Queiroz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Leaf Litter ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Larval Rearing ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Life Table Parameters ◽

Breeding Sites ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Chicken Feces

Sand flies are the insects responsible for transmitting Leishmania parasites, the causative agents of leishmaniasis in humans. However, the effects of sand fly breeding sites on their biology and ecology remain poorly understood. Herein, we studied how larval nutrition associated with putative breeding sites of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis affects their oviposition, development, microbiome, and susceptibility to Leishmania by rearing L. longipalpis on substrates collected from an endemic area for leishmaniasis in Brazil. The results showed that female L. longipalpis select the oviposition site based on its potential to promote larval maturation and while composting cashew leaf litter hindered the development, larvae reared on chicken feces developed rapidly. Typical gut microbial profiles were found in larvae reared upon cashew leaf litter. Adult females from larvae reared on substrate collected in chicken coops were infected with Leishmania infantum, indicating that they were highly susceptible to the parasite. In conclusion, the larval breeding sites can exert an important role in the epidemiology of leishmaniasis.

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Detection of multiple circulating Leishmania species in Lutzomyia longipalpis in the city of Governador Valadares, southeastern Brazil

10.1101/445379 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mariana Santos Cardoso ◽

Gabrielle Ariadine Bento ◽

Laila Viana de Almeida ◽

Joseane Camilla de Castro ◽

João Luís Reis Cunha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Infection Rate ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Domestic Dogs ◽

Effective Control ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Insect Vector ◽

Sand Flies ◽

The City

AbstractBackgroundLeishmaniasis encompasses a group of diverse clinical diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. This disease is a major public health problem in the New World affecting people exposed in endemic regions. The city of Governador Valadares (Minas Gerais/Brazil) is a re-emerging area for visceral leishmaniasis, with 191 human cases reported from 2008 to 2017 and a lethality rate of 14.7%. The transmission of the parasite occurs intensely in this region with up to 22% of domestic dogs with positive serology for the visceral form. Lu. longipalpis is one of the most abundant sand fly species in this area. Despite this scenario, so far there is no information regarding the circulating Leishmania species in the insect vector Lutzomyia longipalpis in this focus.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe collected 616 female Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies between January and September 2015 in the Vila Parque Ibituruna neighborhood (Governador Valadares/MG), which is located on a transitional area between the sylvatic and urban environments with residences built near a preserved area. After DNA extraction of individual sand flies, the natural Leishmania infections in Lu. longipalpis were detected by end-point PCR, using primers derived from kDNA sequences, specific for L. (Leishmania) or L. (Viannia) subgenus. The sensitivity of these PCR reactions was 0.1 pg of DNA for each Leishmania subgenus and the total infection rate of 16.2% (100 positive specimens). Species-specific PCR detected the presence of multiple Leishmania species in infected Lu. longipalpis specimens in Governador Valadares, including L. amazonensis (n=3), L. infantum (n=28), L. (Viannia) spp. (n=20), coinfections with L. infantum and L. (Viannia) spp. (n=5), and L. (Leishmania) spp (n=44).ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that multiple Leishmania species circulate in Lu. longipalpis in Governador Valadares and reveal a potential increasing risk of transmission of the different circulating parasite species. This information is a key factor for planning surveillance and effective control strategies against leishmaniasis in this endemic focus.Author summaryLeishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease transmitted to mammals by the bite of sand flies infected with parasites of the Leishmania genus. This disease affects millions of people in various regions of the world, including Brazil. The municipality of Governador Valadares (Minas Gerais/Brazil) is a re-emergent focus of intense transmission of leishmaniasis, with a high number of human cases and a high prevalence of infected domestic dogs. To develop better leishmaniasis control strategies for the region, we performed a surveillance study of Lu. longipalpis, the main vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil, and identified circulating species of Leishmania in this insect vector. We estimate that the natural infection rate of Lu. longipalpis for these parasites was of 16.2% in the study area. We also detected the presence of multiple circulating Leishmania species (L. amazonensis, L. infantum and Viannia subgenus) in Lu. longipalpis in Governador Valadares city, including 5 sand flies coinfected with L. infantum and L. (Viannia). Thus, our results reinforce the need for a rigid and systematic control of the sand flies monitoring in this area, due to the potential risk of transmission of different species of the Leishmania parasites.

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Phlebotomine sand flies and canine infection in areas of human visceral leishmaniasis, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612011000300010 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 228-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Gustavo Leandro da Cruz Mestre ◽

Ana Lúcia Maria Ribeiro ◽

Rosina Djunko Miyazaki ◽

Jorge Senatore Vargas Rodrigues ◽

Arleana do Bom Parto Ferreira de Almeida ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Human Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Canine Infection ◽

The City

Visceral leishmaniasis is a systemic infectious disease that can cause to a severe, potentially life-threatening chronic condition in humans. Risk factors for infection in urban areas have been associated with poor living conditions, the presence of sand fly vectors and infected pets. This study aimed to describe sand fly and canine infection in the neighborhoods of human visceral leishmaniasis occurrence in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State, central-western Brazil, reported between January 2005 and December 2006. A total of 1,909 sand flies were collected. They were predominantly males and the most frequent species were Lutzomyia cruzi (81.25%), Lutzomyia whitmani (13.88%) and Lutzomyia longipalpis (2.62%). The sand fly density was not significantly correlated with the variation of environmental factors. The prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the neighborhoods studied was 26.82% and it was found that areas with high density of vectors coincided with areas of high prevalence of dogs and those with the highest rates of human cases. The study of vectors and other potential hosts are essential for a good understanding of visceral leishmaniasis and the related public health concerns, aiming at the prevention and control of leishmaniasis in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso State.

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Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies – an observational study in an endemic area in Brazil

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0008079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. e0008079 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marília Fonseca Rocha ◽

Érika Monteiro Michalsky ◽

Fabiana de Oliveira Lara-Silva ◽

Josiane Lopes Valadão ◽

João Carlos França-Silva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Observational Study ◽

Endemic Area ◽

Leishmania Infection ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies ◽

Phlebotomine Sand Flies

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Sandflies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) survey in an urban transmission area of visceral leishmaniasis, Northeastern Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612010000400008 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 233-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Sthenia Santos Albano Amóra ◽

Claudia Maria Leal Bevilaqua ◽

Francisco Marlon Carneiro Feijó ◽

Paula Gabriela Melo de Oliveira ◽

Gislayne Christianne Xavier Peixoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Relative Humidity ◽

Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽

Population Density ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Control Measures ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Sand Fly ◽

Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽

Sand Flies

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health challenge in Brazil, especially in states where it is endemic. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of sand fly population density with environmental variables (temperature, rainfall and relative humidity) in urban areas of the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil. Sand flies were captured with Center Disease Control (CDC) traps installed monthly in the intra and peridomicile of three houses. Data analysis was based on the chi-square test and linear regression. A total of 7,347 sand flies were captured, being 93.85% Lutzomyia longipalpis and 6.15% Lutzomyia evandroi. Sand flies were more commonly found in the peridomicile and there was no difference between the number of males and females. The variables rainy season as well as relative humidity and rainfall, alone or together, did not have an effect on sand fly population density. However, high temperatures had a negative effect. The study of the behavior of sand flies in specific units of endemic areas can provide input to public health authorities for planning appropriate VL vector control measures.

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