Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus resistant to acaricides and ivermectin in cattle farms of Mexico

Ticks and the diseases they transmit cause great economic losses to livestock in tropical countries. Non-chemical control alternatives include the use of resistant cattle breeds, biological control and vaccines. However, the most widely used method is the application of different chemical classes of acaricides and macrocyclic lactones. Populations of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, resistant to organophosphates (OP), synthetic pyrethroids (SP), amitraz and fipronil have been reported in Mexico. Macrocyclic lactones are the most sold antiparasitic drug in the Mexican veterinary market. Ivermectin-resistant populations of R. (B.) microplus have been reported in Brazil, Uruguay and especially in Mexico (Veracruz and Yucatan). Although ivermectin resistance levels in R. (B.) microplus from Mexico were generally low in most cases, some field populations of R. (B.) microplus exhibited high levels of ivermectin resistance. The CHPAT population showed a resistance ratio of 10.23 and 79.6 at lethal concentration of 50% and 99%, respectively. Many field populations of R. (B.) microplus are resistant to multiple classes of antiparasitic drugs, including organophosphates (chlorpyrifos, coumaphos and diazinon), pyrethroids (flumethrin, deltamethrin and cypermethrin), amitraz and ivermectin. This paper reports the current status of the resistance of R. (B.) microplus to acaricides, especially ivermectin, in Mexican cattle.

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In vitro activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides against engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Arquivos do Instituto Biológico ◽

10.1590/1808-1657000222016 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 84 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Eduardo Oliveira ◽

Manoela da Silva ◽

Lew Sprenger ◽

Daniela Pedrassani

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Vitro Activity ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Distilled Water ◽

In Vitro Activity ◽

Chenopodium Ambrosioides ◽

Cattle Ticks

ABSTRACT: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, known as the cattle tick, is a cause of great economic losses for dairy cattle farming because of its high frequency of occurrence and the difficulty in controlling it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides extract on R. (B.) microplus. For this purpose, 125 females were selected and classified into five groups according to their weight, in order to ensure that the females used presented homogeneous weight. The treatments comprised 40 and 60% extracts of Chenopodium ambrosioides, distilled water, ethanol (70ºGL) and 12.5% amitraz. The extracts of C. ambrosioides (40 and 60%) showed effectiveness of 99.7 and 100% and higher percentages of dead females than the other treatments: 64 and 96%, respectively (p<0.001). In the groups exposed to distilled water and ethanol (70º GL), 92 and 88% of the females maintained oviposition. In the females exposed to 40 and 60% extracts, oviposition of 36 and 4% occurred, respectively. It was concluded that the extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides, at both concentration evaluated, had high efficiency against engorged females of cattle ticks.

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Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: expression and characterization of Bm86-CG in Pichia pastoris

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612011000200003 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 103-110 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Rodrigo Casquero Cunha ◽

Renato Andreotti ◽

Fábio Pereira Leivas Leite

Keyword(s):

Pichia Pastoris ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

High Antibody ◽

Western Blot Assay ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Cattle Ticks ◽

Antibody Titers

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is responsible for great economic losses. It is mainly controlled chemically, with limitations regarding development of resistance to the chemicals. Vaccines may help control this parasite, thereby reducing tick pesticide use. In this light, we performed subcloning of the gene of the protein Bm86-GC, the homologue protein that currently forms the basis of vaccines (GavacTM and TickGardPLUS) that have been developed against cattle ticks. The subcloning was done in the pPIC9 expression vector, for transformation in the yeast Pichia pastoris. This protein was characterized by expression of the recombinant Mut+ strain, which expressed greater quantities of protein. The expressed protein (rBm86-CG) was recognized in the Western-blot assay using anti-Gavac, anti-TickGard, anti-larval extract and anti-rBm86-CG polyclonal sera. The serum produced in cattle vaccinated with the antigen CG rBm86 presented high antibody titers and recognized the native protein. The rBm86-GC has potential relevance as an immunogen for vaccine formulation against cattle ticks.

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Characterization of the pyrethroid resistance profile of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)microplus populations from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612013000300010 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 379-384 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Márcia Cristina Mendes ◽

Fernanda Calvo Duarte ◽

João Ricardo Martins ◽

Guilherme Marcondes Klafke ◽

Leonardo Costa Fiorini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pyrethroid Resistance ◽

Rio Grande ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Cattle Ticks ◽

Mato Grosso Do Sul

Cattle ticks Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus are mainly controlled in Brazil by means of acaricide products, without any official policies in this regard. Acaricides continue to be sold indiscriminately, and this has contributed towards making the problem of resistance widespread, thus making diagnosis and monitoring of tick resistance essential. Here, bioassays (larval packet test) were performed on tick populations from the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Mato Grosso do Sul regarding their susceptibility to cypermethrin, deltamethrin and flumethrin. All the tick samples tested showed resistance to cypermethrin (10) (resistance factor (RF) ranging from 5.6 to 80.3) and deltamethrin (10) (RF ranging from 2.4 to 83.1). Six out of eight populations were resistant to flumethrin (RF ranging from 3.8 to 8.2). PCR molecular analyses did not show any T2134A mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene, in any of the sampled populations. The results from this study highlight the critical status of resistance of the cattle tick to synthetic pyrethroids in the regions studied. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms responsible for the resistant phenotypes observed in the bioassays. This was the first detection of flumethrin resistance in Brazil.

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Acaricides efficiency on Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus from Bahia state North-Central region

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612013005000006 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 71-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

José Tadeu Raynal ◽

Aretha Alves Borges da Silva ◽

Thiago de Jesus Sousa ◽

Thiago Campanharo Bahiense ◽

Roberto Meyer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Region ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

North Central Region ◽

Resistance Development ◽

Animal Products ◽

North Central ◽

The North ◽

Cattle Farms

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus is responsible for major losses in the Brazilian livestock, mainly due to reduction in cattle productive performance. Resistance development to major classes of acaricide widely used nowadays has been extensively reported, as well as the occurrence of residues from these compounds in animal products and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of acaricides onR. (B.)microplus collected from rural properties in the North-Central region of Bahia State. Ticks were collected in several cattle farms in the cited region, and an in vitro acaricide efficiency assay was performed based on the immersion of ticks in acaricide solutions made according to manufacturers' recommendations. The results obtained in the experiments indicated varying degrees of efficiency of the several bases studied, with the products benzofenilurea, macrocyclic lactone and fipronil showing the highest levels of efficiency, 100%, 100% and 97.34%, respectively. It was possible to conclude that, for the region studied, there are different degrees of commercial acaricides efficiency, and many present less than 95% effectiveness, value determined as acceptable by the Brazilian legislation.

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Comparative Hemolymph Proteomic and Enzymatic Analyses of Two Strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Ticks Resistant and Susceptible to Ixodicides

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/9451547 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. Aguilar-Díaz ◽

M. Esquivel-Velázquez ◽

R. E. Quiroz-Castañeda ◽

E. Miranda-Miranda ◽

R. J. P. Conde-Baeye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tick Control ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

2D Electrophoresis ◽

Major Threat ◽

Hemolymph Protein ◽

Boophilus Microplus Ticks ◽

Insight Into ◽

New Strategies

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most harmful ectoparasites affecting bovines worldwide. It represents a major threat to livestock industry due to the economic losses caused and diseases associated with these ticks. The most important tick control strategy has been the use of ixodicides, resulting in chemically resistant tick populations. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms that result in resistance so as to create new strategies increasing the lifespan of ixodicides or finding alternative targets to produce new acaricides. In this paper, in order to obtain an insight into the mechanisms that govern ixodicides resistance, we will compare the hemolymph proteome of two tick R. microplus strains, one susceptible (MJ) and one resistant (SA) to ixodicides, using HPLC and 2D electrophoresis. Significant differences were found in protein content between strains using HPLC. 2D electrophoresis revealed that 68 hemolymph protein spots were common between strains; however, 26 spots were unique to the susceptible strain MJ and 5 to the resistant strain SA. The most distinctive protein spots on the preparative gels were selected for further analyses. Nine protein spots were identified by mass fingerprinting,  revealing proteins that may have a role in the ixodicides resistance or susceptibility. In this paper, we present the tick hemolymph proteome revealing a set of proteins which suggest a possible role in tick detoxification.

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THE POTENTIAL OF SOME SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS FOR CONTROL OF THE CATTLE TICK (BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS)

Australian Veterinary Journal ◽

10.1111/j.1751-0813.1979.tb00369.x ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 55 (10) ◽

pp. 463-466 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

J. Nolan ◽

W. J. Roulston ◽

H. J. Schnitzerling

Keyword(s):

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Synthetic Pyrethroids

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Efficacy of commercial synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates associations used to control Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Southern Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária ◽

10.1590/s1984-29612017054 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 500-504 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Caroline Zamperete Reginato ◽

Gustavo Cauduro Cadore ◽

Fernanda Rezer de Menezes ◽

Luis Antonio Sangioni ◽

Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel

Keyword(s):

Rio Grande ◽

Immersion Test ◽

The State ◽

Boophilus Microplus ◽

Active Principle ◽

Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽

Southern Brazil ◽

Rio Grande Do Sul ◽

Cattle Farms

Abstract This study evaluated the acaricidal efficiency of synthetic pyrethroids (SP) associated with organophosphates (OP) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus populations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Ticks were collected in 54 cattle farms and tested using in vitro adult immersion test against four commercially available acaricide mixtures of SP and OP. Only one of four acaricides, comprising a mixture of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and fenthion, had a mean efficiency higher than 95%, and was effective in 94.44% (51/54) of the cattle farms tested. The acaricide with a mixture of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and citronelall had the lowest mean efficiency (62.11%), and was effective in 29.62% (16/54) of cattle farms tested. Furthermore, R. (B.) microplus in Southern Brazil exhibited differing degrees of resistance to SP and OP mixtures. The results suggest that the presence of fenthion contributes to the higher efficiency of the formulation with this active principle. This is possibly due to its recent commercial availability, as tick populations have been lower challenged with this product. Monitoring the resistance of ticks to carrapaticides is essential to maximize the efficiency of these products in the control of R. (B.) microplus.

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Evaluation of the Efficacy of Acaricides Used to Control the Cattle Tick,Rhipicephalus microplus, in Dairy Herds Raised in the Brazilian Southwestern Amazon

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.4061/2011/806093 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 2011 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Luciana G. Brito ◽

Fábio S. Barbieri ◽

Rodrigo B. Rocha ◽

Márcia C. S. Oliveira ◽

Elisana Sales Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Similar Efficacy ◽

Immersion Test ◽

Amazon Region ◽

Rhipicephalus Microplus ◽

The State ◽

Cattle Tick ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽

Macrocyclic Lactones

The adult immersion test (AIT) was used to evaluate the efficacy of acaricide molecules used for control ofRhipicephalus micropluson 106 populations collected in five municipalities in the state of Rondônia in the Brazilian South Occidental Amazon region. The analysis of the data showed that the acaricide formulations had different efficacies on the tick populations surveyed. The synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) acaricides were the least effective (48.35–76.84%), followed by SP + organophosphate (OP) associations (68.91–81.47%) and amidine (51.35–100%). For the macrocyclic lactones (MLs), the milbemycin (94.84–100%) was the most effective, followed by spinosad (93.21–100%) and the avermectins (81.34–100%). The phenylpyrazole (PZ) group had similar efficacy (99.90%) to the MLs. Therefore, SP acaricides, including associations with OP, and formulations based on amidine presented low in vitro efficacy to control theR. micropluspopulations surveyed.

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