Investment Facilitation and Mode 3 Trade in Services: Are Current Discussions Addressing the Key Issues ?

This study aims to measure the degree of liberalization of the services sector in Korea and Indonesia Mode 3(CommercialPresence)in the WTO and cooperation as well as test singnifikansi AKFTA improvement. The method used to measure the level of liberalization is Hoekman index and the average difference test with t-test was used for testing out sigfikansi increased liberalization between the two countries of the WTO to AKFTA. The results showed that Korea has been more liberal than in Indonesia on the second of this cooperation. In cooperation WTO, Korea open as many as 104 sub-sectors with an average level of liberalization of 0.53 (scale 1), while Indonesia only open as many as 56 sub-sectors with an average index of 0.18. In cooperation AKFTA, Korea increase the number of sub-sectors to 147 with price liberalization level of 0.76. The number of sub-sectors of Indonesia also increased to 72 with an average level of liberalization of 0.22. Increasing the number of sub-sectors and the level of liberalization of Korea and Indonesia from the WTO to AKFTA based on the t-statistic is significant at the 5% level. This means that both countries berliberalisasi significantly to liberalize the services sector. Keywords: Trade in Services, Improved Rate Liberalization, WTO, AKFTA

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Economic Impacts of FTAs on Trade in Services: Some Empirics in East Asia

Journal of International Commerce Economics and Policy ◽

10.1142/s1793993315500118 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 06 (02) ◽

pp. 1550011

Author(s):

Hikari Ishido

Keyword(s):

Trade Liberalization ◽

Service Firms ◽

Service Trade ◽

Trade In Services ◽

Commercial Presence ◽

Economic Partnership ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

Mode 3 ◽

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership ◽

The Impact

While the positive impacts of free trade agreements (FTAs) on liberalization in the services sector are widely noted, detailed quantitative analyses are rather scant. This paper takes a first step in analyzing the impact of ASEAN-related FTAs on mode 3 (commercial presence)-based trade in services. Overall, the results reveal some positive correlations between the degree of service trade liberalization in the host country and the service firms' commercial presence in that country. This points to a need to further promote service trade liberalization possibly under the auspices of the proposed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).

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PELUANG EKSPOR JASA INDONESIA KE JEPANG MELALUI MODE 3 (COMMERCIAL PRESENCE) DAN MODE 4 (MOVEMENT OF NATURAL PERSONS) PADA KERJASAMA IJEPA

Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan ◽

10.30908/bilp.v8i1.84 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 25-50

Author(s):

Muhammad Fawaiq

Keyword(s):

Descriptive Analysis ◽

Trade In Services ◽

Services Sector ◽

Natural Person ◽

Economic Partnership Agreement ◽

Commercial Presence ◽

Economic Partnership ◽

Partnership Agreement ◽

Mode 3

Kemitraan ekonomi Indonesia dan Jepang (IJEPA) telah diratifikasi pada tahun 2008. Dalam lima tahun implementasinya, pemanfaatan sektor jasa Jepang oleh Indonesia hanya terbatas pada jasa perawat dan caregiver. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan informasi mengenai komitmen Jepang dan identifikasi sektor jasa yang dibuka oleh Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif untuk membandingkan komitmen antara Indonesia dengan Jepang dan metode Indeks Hoekman untuk memetakan tingkat komitmen sektor jasa kedua negara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Jepang membuka 137 sub sektor dan rata-rata sebanyak 100 sub sektor diantaranya dibuka tanpa persyaratan. Peluang ekspor tertinggi Indonesia ke Jepang pada moda 3 dan moda 4 yaitu 27 sub sektor jasa bisnis, lima sub sektor jasa komunikasi, dua sub sektor jasa pendidikan, empat sub sektor jasa lingkungan, tiga sub sektor jasa pariwisata, empat sub sektor jasa rekreasi, budaya dan olah raga, enam sub sektor jasa transportasi dan lima sub sektor jasa lainnya. Untuk dapat memanfaatkan peluang tersebut maka pemerintah Indonesia perlu mempromosikan sektor jasanya ke Jepang dan melakukan negosiasi lanjutan terkait penghapusan hambatan-hambatan lain di sektor jasa. Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) has been ratified in 2008. During the 5 years-implementation, Indonesia has been utilizing nurse and caregiver sectors. This research aims to review Japan’s commitment on trade in services and to identify which sectors/sub-sectors that could benefit Indonesia. Descriptive analysis is used to compare the commitments in services sector between Indonesia and Japan and Hoekman Index to map the degree of commitments. The results showed that Japan has committed to open 137 subsectors and to give full commitment to 100 subsectors. Among the services subsectors that can be utilized by Indonesia through Mode 3 (commercial presence) and Mode 4 (movement of natural person) are 27 in businesses, five in communication, two in education, four in recreation, six in transportation and five in other services. This study recommends Indonesia to promote her services sector to Japan and to negotiate in reducing other barriers in services sector.

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Probing vacancies and structural distortions at individual defects in ceramics using EELS

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100165859 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 678-679

Author(s):

D. J. Wallis ◽

N. D. Browning

Keyword(s):

Structural Information ◽

Core Loss ◽

Nearest Neighbors ◽

Ceramic Materials ◽

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Real Space ◽

Atomic Scale ◽

Structure Property ◽

Scanning Transmission ◽

Key Issues

In electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), the near-edge region of a core-loss edge contains information on high-order atomic correlations. These correlations give details of the 3-D atomic structure which can be elucidated using multiple-scattering (MS) theory. MS calculations use real space clusters making them ideal for use in low-symmetry systems such as defects and interfaces. When coupled with the atomic spatial resolution capabilities of the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), there therefore exists the ability to obtain 3-D structural information from individual atomic scale structures. For ceramic materials where the structure-property relationships are dominated by defects and interfaces, this methodology can provide unique information on key issues such as like-ion repulsion and the presence of vacancies, impurities and structural distortion.An example of the use of MS-theory is shown in fig 1, where an experimental oxygen K-edge from SrTiO3 is compared to full MS-calculations for successive shells (a shell consists of neighboring atoms, so that 1 shell includes only nearest neighbors, 2 shells includes first and second-nearest neighbors, and so on).

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