C-V2X Centralized Resource Allocation with Spectrum Re-Partitioning in Highway Scenario

Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything communication is an important scenario of 5G technologies. Modes 3 and 4 of the wireless systems introduced in Release 14 of 3GPP standards are intended to support vehicular communication with and without cellular infrastructure. In the case of Mode 3, dynamic resource selection and semi-persistent resource scheduling algorithms result in a signalling cost problem between vehicles and infrastructure, therefore, we propose a means to decrease it. This paper employs Re-selection Counter in centralized resource allocation as a decremental counter of new resource requests. Furthermore, two new spectrum re-partitioning and frequency reuse techniques in Roadside Units (RSUs) are considered to avoid resource collisions and diminish high interference impact via increasing the frequency reuse distance. The two techniques, full and partial frequency reuse, partition the bandwidth into two sub-bands. Two adjacent RSUs apply these sub-bands with the Full Frequency Reuse (FFR) technique. In the Partial Frequency Reuse (PFR) technique, the sub-bands are further re-partitioned among vehicles located in the central and edge parts of the RSU coverage. The sub-bands assignment in the nearest RSUs using the same sub-bands is inverted concerning the current RSU to increase the frequency reuse distance. The PFR technique shows promising results compared with the FFR technique. Both techniques are compared with the single band system for different vehicle densities.

Simulations of Heat Supply Performance of a Deep Borehole Heat Exchanger under Different Scheduled Operation Conditions

With the changing world energy structure, the development of renewable energy sources is gradually accelerating. Among them, close attention has been given to geothermal energy because of its abundant resources and supply stability. In this article, a deep borehole heat exchanger (DBHE) is coupled with a heat pump system to calculate the heat supply and daily electricity consumption of the system. To make better use of the peaks and valleys in electricity prices, the following three daily operating modes were studied: 24-h operation (Mode 1), 8-h operation plus 16-h non-operation (Mode 2), and two cycles of 4-h operation and 8-h non-operation (Mode 3). Simulation results show that scheduled non-continuous operation can effectively improve the outlet temperature of the heat extraction fluid circulating in the DBHE. The heat extraction rates of Mode 1 is 190.9 kW for mass flowrate of 9 kg/s; in Mode 2 and Mode 3 cases, the rates change to 304.7 kW and 293.0 kW, respectively. The daily operational electricity cost of Mode 1 is the greatest because of 24-h operation; due to scheduled non-continuous operation, the daily operational electricity cost of Mode 3 is only about 66% of that of Mode 2. After an 8-month period without heating, the formation-temperature can be restored within 4 °C of its original state; 90% recovery of the formation-temperature can be achieved by the end of the second month of the non-operation season.

Prediction of Sports Aggression Behavior and Analysis of Sports Intervention Based on Swarm Intelligence Model

In the process of sports, athletes often have aggressive behaviors because of their emotional fluctuations. This violent sports behavior has caused many serious bad effects. In order to reduce and solve this kind of public emergencies, this paper aims to create a swarm intelligence model for predicting people's sports attack behavior, takes the swarm intelligence algorithm as the core technology optimization model, and uses the Internet of Things and other technologies to recognize emotions on physiological signals, predict, and intervene sports attack behavior. The results show the following: (1) After the 50-fold cross-validation method, the results of emotion recognition are good, and the accuracy is high. Compared with other physiological electrical signals, EDA has the worst classification performance. (2) The recognition accuracy of the two methods using multimodal fusion is improved greatly, and the result after comparison is obviously better than that of single mode. (3) Anxiety, anger, surprise, and sadness are the most detected emotions in the model, and the recognition accuracy is higher than 80%. Sports intervention should be carried out in time to calm athletes' emotions. After the experiment, our model runs successfully and performs well, which can be optimized and tested in the next step.

Atlas-Based Evaluation of Hemodynamic in Ascending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms

Atlas-based analyses of patients with cardiovascular diseases have recently been explored to understand the mechanistic link between shape and pathophysiology. The construction of probabilistic atlases is based on statistical shape modeling (SSM) to assess key anatomic features for a given patient population. Such an approach is relevant to study the complex nature of the ascending thoracic aortic aneurysm (ATAA) as characterized by different patterns of aortic shapes and valve phenotypes. This study was carried out to develop an SSM of the dilated aorta with both bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and tricuspid aortic valve (TAV), and then assess the computational hemodynamic of virtual models obtained by the deformation of the mean template for specific shape boundaries (i.e., ±1.5 standard deviation, σ). Simulations demonstrated remarkable changes in the velocity streamlines, blood pressure, and fluid shear stress with the principal shape modes such as the aortic size (Mode 1), vessel tortuosity (Mode 2), and aortic valve morphologies (Mode 3). The atlas-based disease assessment can represent a powerful tool to reveal important insights on ATAA-derived hemodynamic, especially for aneurysms which are considered to have borderline anatomies, and thus challenging decision-making. The utilization of SSMs for creating probabilistic patient cohorts can facilitate the understanding of the heterogenous nature of the dilated ascending aorta.

Spatiotemporal Modes of Short Time Rainstorms Based on High-Dimensional Data: A Case Study of the Urban Area of Beijing, China

The identification of the characteristics of short time rainstorms in urban areas is a difficult problem. The traditional rainfall definition methods, using rainfall graph or a GIS map, respectively reflect the temporal or spatial variations of a rainfall process, but do not regard a rainfall as one complete process including its temporal and spatial dimension. In this paper, we present an approach to define typical modes of rainfall from the temporal and spatial dimensions. Firstly, independent rainfall processes are divided based on the continuous monitoring data of multiple rainfall stations. Subsequently, algorithms are applied to identify the typical spatiotemporal modes of rainfall and reconstruction of the process of modes, including dimensionality reduction, clustering, and reconstruction. This approach is used to analyze the monitoring data (5 min intervals) from 2004 to 2016 of 14 rainfall stations in Beijing. The results show that there are three modes of rainstorms in the Beijing urban area, which account for 31.8%, 13.7%, and 54.6% of the total processes. Rainstorm of mode 1 moves from the northwest to the center of Beijing, then spreads to the eastern part of the urban area; rainstorm of mode 2 occurs in the southwestern region of the urban area, and gradually northward, but there is no rainfall in the mountainous northwest; rainstorm of mode 3 is concentrated in the central, eastern, and southern regions. The approach and results of this study can be applied to rainstorm forecasting or flood prevention.

An empirical investigation on the correlation between solar cell cracks and hotspots

In recent years, solar cell cracks have been a topic of interest to industry because of their impact on performance deterioration. Therefore, in this work, we investigate the correlation of four crack modes and their effects on the temperature of the solar cell, well known as hotspot. We divided the crack modes to crack free (mode 1), micro-crack (mode 2), shaded area (mode 3), and breakdown (mode 4). Using a dataset of 12 different solar cell samples, we have found that there are no hotspots detected for a solar cell affected by modes 1 or 2. However, we discovered that the solar cell is likely to have hotspots if affected by crack mode 3 or 4, with an expected increase in the temperature from 25$$^\circ $$ ∘ C to 100$$^\circ $$ ∘ C. Additionally, we have noticed that an increase in the shading ratio in solar cells can cause severe hotspots. For this reason, we observed that the worst-case scenario for a hotspot to develop is at shading ratios of 40% to 60%, with an identified increase in the cell temperature from 25$$^\circ $$ ∘ C to 105$$^\circ $$ ∘ C.

Experience in the use of Brirosa and Rozacom in secondary glaucoma

Background. Glaucoma is one of the most acute medical and social problems that cause enormous economic damage to society. Secondary glaucoma is the result of complications of such eye diseases as inflammation of the choroid of the eye, retinal vascular thrombosis. The purpose was to determine the effect of Briroza and Rozacom on the condition of the visual analyzer in patients with secondary glaucoma. Material and methods. The study involved 58 patients (58 eyes) with a unilateral process. All patients were divided into three groups. Groups 1 and 2 consisted of the patients with se-condary glaucoma after anterior recurrent iridocyclitis — 32 patients (32 eyes) in remission and relapse, respectively. Group 3 included patients with secondary (neovascular) glaucoma, which resulted from the central vein stenosis (CVS) and its branches — 26 patients (26 eyes). Results. In the first and second groups, Briroza administration resulted in the intraocular pressure decrease by 21.6 % (p = 0.001) — 21.0 ± 3.5 mm Hg. After a course of treatment in groups 1 and 2, electrical phosphene excitation decreased significantly by 22.4 % (p < 0.05). The critical frequency of flicker-induced phosphene in the mode 3 and 1.5 increased by 20.6 % (p < 0.05) and 47 % (p < 0.05), which indicates an increase in the functional activity of visual analyzer. Conclusions. The inclusion of the drugs Briroza and Rozacom twice a day for 2 months in the treatment of patients with secondary glaucoma is effective due to the increased functional activity of the visual analyzer and normalization of intraocular pressure in patients with secondary glaucoma.

An LBM Study of the Sedimentation Behaviors of Double Particles With Non-Identical Sizes

In this work, the size effects on the sedimentation behaviors of two non-identical particles are investigated through the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). The method is first validated by simulating the settling process of single and double particles, which agrees well with analytical and previous results. Then the hydrodynamic behaviors of double non-identical-size particles settling in an infinite-long narrow channel are investigated, in which the larger particle is initially placed above the smaller one. Different sedimentation behaviors are observed with different diameter ratios in the present work. In the first Draft-Kiss-Tumble (DKT) cycle, it is observed that the time durations of both drafting state and kissing state are shortened by the increase of the diameter ratio γ . Considering a longer sedimentation time, three different settling modes are observed with different diameter ratios, which can be summarized as: (1). Repeated DKT cycle (1.0 ≤ γ ≤ 1.13); (2). Repeated DT-DKT after the first DKT cycle (1.14 ≤ γ ≤ 1.22); (3). Separation after the first DKT cycle (1.23 ≤ γ). It should be noted that Mode 2 is first defined in this work, which helps explain the divergence in the threshold diameter ratios of the recurrence of DKT cycles proposed in the previous literatures. In addition, the periodical length of the repeated cycles experiences instant increase and decrease against the diameter ratio near the transition from Mode 1 to Mode 2, while an instant increase is also observed near the threshold diameter ratio between Mode 2 and Mode 3.

A Performance Benchmark for Dedicated Short-Range Communications and LTE-Based Cellular-V2X in the Context of Vehicle-to-Infrastructure Communication and Urban Scenarios

For more than a decade, communication systems based on the IEEE 802.11p technology—often referred to as Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC)—have been considered a de facto industry standard for Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication. The technology, however, is often criticized for its poor scalability, its suboptimal channel access method, and the need to install additional roadside infrastructure. In 3GPP Release 14, the functionality of existing cellular networks has been extended to support V2X use cases in an attempt to address the well-known drawbacks of the DSRC. In this paper, we present a complex simulation study in order to benchmark both technologies in a V2I communication context and an urban scenario. In particular, we compare the DSRC, LTE in the infrastructural mode (LTE-I), and LTE Device-to-Device (LTE-D2D) mode 3 in terms of the average end-to-end delay and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) under varying communication conditions achieved through the variation of the communication perimeter, message generation frequency, and road traffic intensity. The obtained results are put into the context of the networking and connectivity requirements of the most popular V2I C-ITS services. The simulation results indicate that only the DSRC technology is able to support the investigated V2I communication scenarios without any major limitations, achieving an average end-to-end delay of less than 100 milliseconds and a PDR above 96% in all of the investigated simulation scenarios. The LTE-I is applicable for the most of the low-frequency V2I services in a limited communication perimeter (<600 m) and for lower traffic intensities (<1000 vehicles per hour), achieving a delay pf less than 500 milliseconds and a PDR of up to 92%. The LTE-D2D in mode 3 achieves too great of an end-to-end delay (above 1000 milliseconds) and a PDR below 72%; thus, it is not suitable for the V2I services under consideration in a perimeter larger than 200 m. Moreover, the LTE-D2D mode 3 is very sensitive to the distance between the transmitter and its serving eNodeB, which heavily impacts the PDR achieved.