Buckwheat Residue Effects on Emergence and Growth of Weeds in Winter-Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cropping Systems

Weed Science ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virender Kumar ◽  
Daniel C. Brainard ◽  
Robin R. Bellinder ◽  
Russell R. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds

Field and pot studies were conducted in Central New York to determine the potential weed-management benefits of a buckwheat cover crop grown before winter wheat. Specific objectives were to determine buckwheat residue effects on (1) emergence and growth of winter annual weeds; (2) wheat establishment and yield; and (3) emergence of summer annual weeds in the spring following overwinter seed burial. In a field study, buckwheat was sown at two timings (July or August), mowed, and either incorporated or left on the soil surface. Winter wheat was drilled into buckwheat residue in September and weed and crop growth were monitored. In a complementary pot study, four winter annual weeds were sown in soil removed from buckwheat and bare-soil plots at 0 or 15 d after incorporation and monitored for emergence and early growth. To assess buckwheat residue effects on spring emergence from overwintering seeds, seeds of three weed species were buried in buckwheat residue and bare-soil plots in the fall, exhumed in April, and evaluated for emergence. To investigate the mechanism for possible effects of buckwheat residue on overwintering seeds, two levels each of seed treatment (none or fungicide) and fertilization (none or 170 kg ha−1) were applied before burial. Buckwheat residue had no negative effect on wheat yields but suppressed emergence (22 to 72%) and growth (0 to 95%) of winter annual weeds, although effects were often small and inconsistent. Buckwheat residue had no effect on the emergence of buried weed seeds in spring. However, fungicide treatment enhanced the emergence of Powell amaranth seeds by 12.5 to 25.5% and of barnyardgrass seeds by 0 to 12%. Our results suggest that buckwheat residue can contribute to weed management in wheat cropping systems, but that further studies investigating the mechanistic basis for the inconsistent selective effects of buckwheat residue on weeds are needed before buckwheat use can be optimized.

Strategies for Control of Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) and Other Winter Annual Weeds in No-Till Corn

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Armel ◽  
Robert J. Richardson ◽  
Henry P. Wilson ◽  
Thomas E. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
No Till ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds

Field studies were conducted to determine if mesotrione alone or in combinations with other corn herbicides would control horseweed and other winter annual weeds associated with no-till corn. Mesotrione alone controlled horseweed 52 to 80% by 3 wk after treatment (WAT); however, by 7 WAT control diminished to between 37 to 68%, depending on mesotrione rate. Mesotrione at 0.16 kg ai/ha plus atrazine at 0.28 kg ai/ha controlled 99% of horseweed and annual bluegrass and 88% of yellow woodsorrel. Combinations of mesotrione at 0.16 kg/ha plus acetochlor at 1.79 kg ai/ha plus 1.12 kg ai/ha glyphosate (trimethylsulfonium salt of glyphosate) or 0.7 kg ai/ha paraquat provided 93% or greater control of all three weed species. Glyphosate alone also controlled all weed species 97 to 99%, while paraquat alone provided 99% control of annual bluegrass, 72% control of horseweed, and 36% control of yellow woodsorrel. Mixtures of paraquat plus acetochlor improved control of horseweed (93%) and yellow woodsorrel (73%) over control with either herbicide applied alone.

Winter Annual Weed Suppression in Rye–Vetch Cover Crop Mixtures

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary D. Hayden ◽  
Daniel C. Brainard ◽  
Ben Henshaw ◽  
Mathieu Ngouajio
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Cereal Rye ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds

Winter annual weeds can interfere directly with crops and serve as alternative hosts for important pests, particularly in reduced tillage systems. Field experiments were conducted on loamy sand soils at two sites in Holt, MI, between 2008 and 2011 to evaluate the relative effects of cereal rye, hairy vetch, and rye–vetch mixture cover crops on the biomass and density of winter annual weed communities. All cover crop treatments significantly reduced total weed biomass compared with a no-cover-crop control, with suppression ranging from 71 to 91% for vetch to 95 to 98% for rye. In all trials, the density of nonmustard family broadleaf weeds was either not suppressed or suppressed equally by all cover crop treatments. In contrast, the density of mustard family weed species was suppressed more by rye and rye–vetch mixtures than by vetch. Cover crops were more consistently suppressive of weed dry weight per plant than of weed density, with rye-containing cover crops generally more suppressive than vetch. Overall, rye was most effective at suppressing winter annual weeds; however, rye–vetch mixtures can match the level of control achieved by rye, in addition to providing a potential source of fixed nitrogen for subsequent cash crops.

A review of the recruitment biology of winter annual weeds in Canada

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Z.H. Cici ◽  
R. C. Van Acker
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Seed Longevity ◽  
Plant Vigour ◽  
Seed Biology ◽  
Winter Annuals ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds

Typically, summer annual weeds have been the primary management target for field crop farmers in Canada, but with changes in cropping systems and with acknowledged global climate change there will be an increasing need to consider the management of species that are present very early in the spring, including winter annual weeds. Knowledge of weed recruitment biology and emergence patterns can be used to guide weed management practices. A review was conducted of the recruitment biology of winter annual weeds in Canada. The key finding was that all of the significant winter annual weeds in Canadian agriculture are facultative, with the majority of species emerging at two peak periods, April-May and September-October. For the weed species included in this review, the information available on recruitment and seed biology was far from comprehensive, and for some species there was very little published information, in particular on specific base temperatures for germination, documented field-based emergence periods and data that could be used to create simple predictive population dynamics models, including fecundity (× environment), seed longevity and overwintering probability. This is particularly true with respect to information in Canadian agricultural contexts. A number of questions result from this review, a key one being whether spring versus fall emergence creates significant differences in fundamental biological characteristics of winter annual weeds including seed dormancy status, microsite requirements, phenology, plant vigour and competitive ability. Given that none of the winter annuals in Canada are constitutive and given ongoing climate change, farmers in Canada should be careful not to encourage summer annuals to become winter annuals. Movement away from fall weed management, including tillage and repeated sowing of winter annual crops will encourage facultative winter annual behaviour. In addition, farmers should be wary of invasion by populations of persistent winter annuals including stinkweed, chickweed and American dragonhead.Key words: Facultative winter annual, dormancy, microsites, emergence pattern, seed rain, seed longevity, weed management

Short Communication: Timing of stinkweed and shepherd's-purse recruitment affects biological characteristics of progeny

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rene C. Van Acker ◽  
S. Zahra H. Cici
Keyword(s):  
Short Communication ◽  
Biological Characteristics ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Thlaspi Arvense ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Germination Timing ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Seed Characteristics

Van Acker, R. C. and Cici, S. Z. H. 2012. Short Communication: Timing of stinkweed and shepherd's-purserecruitment affects biological characteristics of progeny. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 933–936. The effect of recruitment timing (fall versus spring recruitment) on seed characteristics and performance of two common Canadian facultative winter annual weeds; stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.) and shepherd's-purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.) was investigated. Seed germination proportion was unaffected by maternal emergence timing but germination was faster for spring versus winter cohort seeds of stinkweed. Proportionally more seeds from winter (fall-recruited) cohorts were rendered non-viable by aging treatments, while for shepherd's purse, aging treatments broke dormancy instead of reducing viability and this was especially true for winter cohort seeds. For both weed species, spring cohort seeds produced earlier flowering plants with greater and lesser biomass allocation to reproductive tissues and roots, respectively. These results show the potential importance of germination timing and maternal effects on weed populations and demonstrate additional complexity in the nature of facultative winter annual weeds, in particular.

Influence of Winter Annual Weed Management and Crop Rotation on Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera Glycines) and Winter Annual Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Earl Creech ◽  
Andreas Westphal ◽  
Virginia R. Ferris ◽  
Jamal Faghihi ◽  
Tony J. Vyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Heterodera Glycines ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds

Influence of Winter Annual Weed Management and Crop Rotation on Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) and Winter Annual Weeds: Years Four and Five

Weed Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 634-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie A. Mock ◽  
J. Earl Creech ◽  
Virginia R. Ferris ◽  
Jamal Faghihi ◽  
Andreas Westphal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽  
Cyst Nematode ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Weed Growth ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds

Certain winter annual weeds have been documented as alternative hosts to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), and infestations by such species are common in no-till production fields in the midwestern United States of Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of crop rotation and winter annual weed management on winter weed growth, SCN population density, and crop yield. Two crop rotations (SS and soybean–corn rotation) and six winter annual weed-management systems (autumn-applied herbicide, spring-applied herbicide, autumn + spring applied herbicides, autumn-seeded Italian ryegrass, autumn-seeded wheat, and a nontreated check) were evaluated in long-term, no-tillage systems at West Lafayette, IN, and Vincennes, IN. In the fourth and fifth years of these experiments, the 2-yr corn–soybean rotation generally resulted in increased soybean yield, decreased winter annual weed growth, and reduced SCN population density compared with SS. Autumn or spring herbicide applications or both were a more effective option than cover crops at reducing winter annual weed density. Cover-crop systems generally did not differ from the nontreated check in winter weed density. Between years three and five, winter annual weed SCN hosts in nontreated check plots increased approximately threefold to levels as high as 102 and 245 plants m−2 at West Lafayette, IN, and Vincennes, IN, respectively, which are infestation levels at or above those commonly observed in production fields. However, controlling winter annual weeds did not influence crop yields or SCN population density. The results of these studies suggest that winter weed management, even at the high levels of weed infestation present in these studies, appears to have little value as a tool for SCN management in corn and soybean production systems in the midwestern United States.

Hairy buttercup and cutleaf evening-primrose control using halauxifen-methyl based programs in Mississippi and Oklahoma winter wheat (Triticum aestivum)

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
J. Connor Ferguson ◽  
Misha R. Manuchehri ◽  
Justin S. Calhoun ◽  
Justin T. Childers ◽  
Luke H. Merritt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Acetolactate Synthase ◽  
Evening Primrose ◽  
Southern Great Plains ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Sites Of Action ◽  
Annual Weeds

Hairy buttercup and cutleaf evening-primrose are winter annual weeds that have become more problematic for winter wheat growers in the Southern Great Plains and the Mid-Southern United States in recent years. Little research exists to base recommendations for controlling hairy buttercup in wheat, and little research has been published on cutleaf evening-primrose control in recent years. With growing concerns of increased herbicide resistance among winter annual weeds, incorporating new herbicide sites of action has become necessary. The objective of this study was to assess halauxifen-methyl as a novel herbicide to control these two problematic winter annual broadleaf weeds in winter wheat in Mississippi and Oklahoma. Studies were conducted across four site-years in Mississippi and one site-year in Oklahoma comparing fifteen herbicide programs with and without halauxifen-methyl. Hairy buttercup and cutleaf evening-primrose control was the greatest when a synthetic auxin was combined with an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicide. Treatments including halauxifen-methyl resulted in the greatest control of hairy buttercup, whereas a synthetic auxin herbicide plus chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron resulted in the greatest control of cutleaf evening-primrose. Halauxifen-methyl is an effective addition for control of winter annual broadleaf weeds like hairy buttercup and cutleaf evening-primrose in winter wheat.

Palweed:Wheat: A Bioeconomic Decision Model for Postemergence Weed Management in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Weed Science ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae-Jin Kwon ◽  
Douglas L. Young ◽  
Frank L. Young ◽  
Chris M. Boerboom
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Decision Model ◽  
Damage Function ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Winter Annual

Based on six years of data from a field experiment near Pullman, WA, a bioeconomic decision model was developed to annually estimate the optimal post-emergence herbicide types and rates to control multiple weed species in winter wheat under various tillage systems and crop rotations. The model name, PALWEED:WHEAT, signifies a Washington-Idaho Palouse region weed management model for winter wheat The model consists of linear preharvest weed density functions, a nonlinear yield response function, and a profit function. Preharvest weed density functions were estimated for four weed groups: summer annual grasses, winter annual grasses, summer annual broadleaves, and winter annual broadleaves. A single aggregated weed competition index was developed from the four density functions for use functions for use in the yield model. A yield model containing a logistic damage function performed better than a model containing a rectangular hyperbolic damage function. Herbicides were grouped into three categories: preplant nonselective, postemergence broadleaf, and postemergence grass. PALWEED:WHEAT was applied to average conditions of the 6-yr experiment to predict herbicide treatments that maximized profit. In comparison to average treatment rates in the 6-yr experiment, the bioeconomic decision model recommended less postemergence herbicide. The weed management recommendations of PALWEED:WHEAT behaved as expected by agronomic and economic theory in response to changes in assumed weed populations, herbicide costs, crop prices, and possible restrictions on herbicide application rates.

Fall and Spring Preplant Herbicide Applications Influence Spring Emergence of Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis)

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vince M. Davis ◽  
Greg R. Kruger ◽  
Bryan G. Young ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Conyza Canadensis ◽  
No Till ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Winter Annual Weeds ◽  
Annual Weeds ◽  
Spring Emergence ◽  
Residual Control

Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) is a common weed in no-till crop production systems. It is problematic because of the frequent occurrence of biotypes resistant to glyphosate and acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and its ability to complete its life cycle as a winter or summer annual weed. Tactics to control horseweed while controlling other winter annual weeds routinely fail; herbicide application timing and spring emergence patterns of horseweed may be responsible. The objectives of this experiment were to (1) determine the influence of fall and spring herbicides with and without soil residual horseweed activity on spring-emerging glyphosate-resistant (GR) horseweed density and (2) evaluate the efficacy and persistence of saflufenacil on GR horseweed. Field studies were conducted in southern Indiana and Illinois from fall 2006 to summer 2007 and repeated in 2007 to 2008. Six preplant herbicide treatments were applied at four application timings: early fall, late fall, early spring, and late spring. Horseweed plants were counted every 2 wk following the first spring application until the first week of July. Horseweed almost exclusively emerged in the spring at both locations. Spring horseweed emergence was higher when 2,4-D + glyphosate was fall-applied and controlled other winter annual weeds. With fall-applied 2,4-D + glyphosate, over 90% of the peak horseweed density was observed before April 25. In contrast, only 25% of the peak horseweed density was observed in the untreated check by April 25. Starting from the initiation of horseweed emergence in late March, chlorimuron + tribenuron applied early fall or early spring, and spring-applied saflufenacil at 100 g ai/ha provided greater than 90% horseweed control for 12 wk. Early spring–applied saflufenacil at 50 g ai/ha provided 8 wk of greater than 90% residual control, and early spring–applied simazine provided 6 wk of greater than 90% control. When applied in late spring, saflufenacil was the only herbicide treatment that reduced horseweed densities by greater than 90% compared to 2,4-D + glyphosate. We concluded from this research that fall applications of nonresidual herbicides can increase the rate and density of spring emerging horseweed. In addition, spring-applied saflufenacil provides no-till producers with a new preplant herbicide for foliar and residual control of glyphosate- and ALS-resistant horseweed.

Cropping Systems to Control Winter Annual Grasses in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

1999 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg Daugovish ◽  
Drew J. Lyon ◽  
David D. Baltensperger
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Downy Brome ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Winter Annual ◽  
Feral Rye

Field studies were conducted from 1990 through 1997 to evaluate the long-term effect of 2- and 3-yr rotations on the control of downy brome, jointed goatgrass, and feral rye in winter wheat. At the completion of the study, jointed goatgrass and feral rye densities averaged 8 plants/m2and < 0.1 plant/m2for the 2- and 3-yr rotations, respectively. Downy brome densities averaged < 0.5 plant/m2for both the 2- and 3-yr rotations, with no treatment differences observed. Winter annual grasses were not eradicated after two cycles of the 3-yr rotations, but weed densities were reduced 10-fold compared to densities after one cycle and more than 100-fold compared with the 2-yr rotations. Wheat grain contamination with dockage and foreign material followed a similar trend. The 3-yr rotations were economically competitive with 2-yr rotations and provided superior control of the winter annual grass weeds.

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