Influence of Winter Annual Weed Management and Crop Rotation on Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera Glycines) and Winter Annual Weeds

Certain winter annual weeds have been documented as alternative hosts to soybean cyst nematode (SCN), and infestations by such species are common in no-till production fields in the midwestern United States of Indiana, Ohio, and Illinois. The objective of this research was to determine the influence of crop rotation and winter annual weed management on winter weed growth, SCN population density, and crop yield. Two crop rotations (SS and soybean–corn rotation) and six winter annual weed-management systems (autumn-applied herbicide, spring-applied herbicide, autumn + spring applied herbicides, autumn-seeded Italian ryegrass, autumn-seeded wheat, and a nontreated check) were evaluated in long-term, no-tillage systems at West Lafayette, IN, and Vincennes, IN. In the fourth and fifth years of these experiments, the 2-yr corn–soybean rotation generally resulted in increased soybean yield, decreased winter annual weed growth, and reduced SCN population density compared with SS. Autumn or spring herbicide applications or both were a more effective option than cover crops at reducing winter annual weed density. Cover-crop systems generally did not differ from the nontreated check in winter weed density. Between years three and five, winter annual weed SCN hosts in nontreated check plots increased approximately threefold to levels as high as 102 and 245 plants m−2 at West Lafayette, IN, and Vincennes, IN, respectively, which are infestation levels at or above those commonly observed in production fields. However, controlling winter annual weeds did not influence crop yields or SCN population density. The results of these studies suggest that winter weed management, even at the high levels of weed infestation present in these studies, appears to have little value as a tool for SCN management in corn and soybean production systems in the midwestern United States.

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Influence of Winter Annual Weed Removal Timings on Soybean Cyst Nematode Population Density and Plant Biomass

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-09-072.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 58 (4) ◽

pp. 381-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Valerie A. Mock ◽

J. Earl Creech ◽

Virginia R. Ferris ◽

Steven G. Hallett ◽

William G. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Population Increase ◽

Population Densities ◽

Soybean Production ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Winter Annual Weeds ◽

Annual Weeds ◽

Weed Removal

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is one of the most yield limiting pathogens in U.S. soybean production. Henbit and purple deadnettle are winter annual weeds shown to facilitate SCN reproduction after crop harvest in the eastern Corn Belt. These weeds, along with volunteer soybean that germinates in autumn after harvest, are common to postharvest soybean production fields and provide an opportunity for SCN reproduction and population increase outside of the typical soybean production season. The objective of this experiment was to determine if autumn removal of these weeds and volunteer soybean can influence the winter weed seedbank, plant biomass, and SCN population densities. Microplots were established with or without Lamium spp. and volunteer soybean, and four winter weed removal timings (none, October, December, and May). Dry weights of autumn Lamium spp. were reduced 50% in October when grown in competition with volunteer soybean. SCN juveniles were found in henbit roots at higher densities in October (42 per gram of root) than December (5 per gram of root) and were also found in the roots of volunteer soybean (14 per gram of root) in October. SCN egg population densities were 50% lower in August after the summer fallow period. The results of this experiment suggest that autumn removal of winter annual weeds and volunteer soybean did not reduce SCN populations.

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Role of Winter Annual Weeds as Alternative Hosts for Soybean Cyst Nematode

Crop Management ◽

10.1094/cm-2008-0701-01-rv ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

William G. Johnson ◽

J. Earl Creech ◽

Valerie A. Mock

Keyword(s):

Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Alternative Hosts ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Winter Annual Weeds ◽

Annual Weeds

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Development of Soybean Cyst Nematode on Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) and Purple Deadnettle (Lamium purpureum)

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-07-079.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1064-1070 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J. Earl Creech ◽

Jared S. Webb ◽

Bryan G. Young ◽

Jason P. Bond ◽

S Kent Harrison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽

Egg Production ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Population Increase ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Timely Manner ◽

The North ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Winter Annual Weeds ◽

Annual Weeds

A survey of seven production fields in Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio was conducted to assess henbit and purple deadnettle growth and soybean cyst nematode (SCN) development and reproduction on these weeds. Autumn and spring growth of purple deadnettle and henbit was influenced by location within each state. In general, winter annual weeds were larger in size and reached maturity earlier in the spring at the southern sample sites than those in the north. All growth stages of SCN were found to be associated with henbit and purple deadnettle at both autumn and spring sample timings. SCN juveniles were generally found infecting roots at highest abundance in the spring. SCN cyst and egg production also were widespread and occurred to a much higher degree during the autumn than the spring developmental period. The results of this survey indicate that management tactics designed to minimize the potential for SCN reproduction on winter annual weeds would probably be most effective if conducted in the autumn, when the majority of SCN reproduction occurred. However, spring populations of winter annual weeds that harbor SCN juveniles might facilitate additional SCN reproduction and population increase if the weeds are not controlled in a timely manner prior to planting.

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Weeds Hosting the Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe): Management Implications in Agroecological Systems

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11010146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Leonardo F. Rocha ◽

Karla L. Gage ◽

Mirian F. Pimentel ◽

Jason P. Bond ◽

Ahmad M. Fakhoury

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽

Heterodera Glycines ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Cropping System ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

Weed Species ◽

Initial Inoculum ◽

Herbicide Resistant ◽

Sites Of Action

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) is a major soybean-yield-limiting soil-borne pathogen, especially in the Midwestern US. Weed management is recommended for SCN integrated management, since some weed species have been reported to be hosts for SCN. The increase in the occurrence of resistance to herbicides complicates weed management and may further direct ecological–evolutionary (eco–evo) feedbacks in plant–pathogen complexes, including interactions between host plants and SCN. In this review, we summarize weed species reported to be hosts of SCN in the US and outline potential weed–SCN management interactions. Plants from 23 families have been reported to host SCN, with Fabaceae including most host species. Out of 116 weeds hosts, 14 species have known herbicide-resistant biotypes to 8 herbicide sites of action. Factors influencing the ability of weeds to host SCN are environmental and edaphic conditions, SCN initial inoculum, weed population levels, and variations in susceptibility of weed biotypes to SCN within a population. The association of SCN on weeds with relatively little fitness cost incurred by the latter may decrease the competitive ability of the crop and increase weed reproduction when SCN is present, feeding back into the probability of selecting for herbicide-resistant weed biotypes. Therefore, proper management of weed hosts of SCN should be a focus of integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to prevent further eco–evo feedbacks in the cropping system.

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Buckwheat Residue Effects on Emergence and Growth of Weeds in Winter-Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cropping Systems

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-11-00006.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 567-573 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Virender Kumar ◽

Daniel C. Brainard ◽

Robin R. Bellinder ◽

Russell R. Hahn

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Winter Wheat ◽

Weed Management ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Weed Species ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Winter Annual Weeds ◽

Annual Weeds

Field and pot studies were conducted in Central New York to determine the potential weed-management benefits of a buckwheat cover crop grown before winter wheat. Specific objectives were to determine buckwheat residue effects on (1) emergence and growth of winter annual weeds; (2) wheat establishment and yield; and (3) emergence of summer annual weeds in the spring following overwinter seed burial. In a field study, buckwheat was sown at two timings (July or August), mowed, and either incorporated or left on the soil surface. Winter wheat was drilled into buckwheat residue in September and weed and crop growth were monitored. In a complementary pot study, four winter annual weeds were sown in soil removed from buckwheat and bare-soil plots at 0 or 15 d after incorporation and monitored for emergence and early growth. To assess buckwheat residue effects on spring emergence from overwintering seeds, seeds of three weed species were buried in buckwheat residue and bare-soil plots in the fall, exhumed in April, and evaluated for emergence. To investigate the mechanism for possible effects of buckwheat residue on overwintering seeds, two levels each of seed treatment (none or fungicide) and fertilization (none or 170 kg ha−1) were applied before burial. Buckwheat residue had no negative effect on wheat yields but suppressed emergence (22 to 72%) and growth (0 to 95%) of winter annual weeds, although effects were often small and inconsistent. Buckwheat residue had no effect on the emergence of buried weed seeds in spring. However, fungicide treatment enhanced the emergence of Powell amaranth seeds by 12.5 to 25.5% and of barnyardgrass seeds by 0 to 12%. Our results suggest that buckwheat residue can contribute to weed management in wheat cropping systems, but that further studies investigating the mechanistic basis for the inconsistent selective effects of buckwheat residue on weeds are needed before buckwheat use can be optimized.

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A review of the recruitment biology of winter annual weeds in Canada

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps08131 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 89 (3) ◽

pp. 575-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

S. Z.H. Cici ◽

R. C. Van Acker

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Weed Management ◽

Management Practices ◽

Seed Longevity ◽

Plant Vigour ◽

Seed Biology ◽

Winter Annuals ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Winter Annual Weeds ◽

Annual Weeds

Typically, summer annual weeds have been the primary management target for field crop farmers in Canada, but with changes in cropping systems and with acknowledged global climate change there will be an increasing need to consider the management of species that are present very early in the spring, including winter annual weeds. Knowledge of weed recruitment biology and emergence patterns can be used to guide weed management practices. A review was conducted of the recruitment biology of winter annual weeds in Canada. The key finding was that all of the significant winter annual weeds in Canadian agriculture are facultative, with the majority of species emerging at two peak periods, April-May and September-October. For the weed species included in this review, the information available on recruitment and seed biology was far from comprehensive, and for some species there was very little published information, in particular on specific base temperatures for germination, documented field-based emergence periods and data that could be used to create simple predictive population dynamics models, including fecundity (× environment), seed longevity and overwintering probability. This is particularly true with respect to information in Canadian agricultural contexts. A number of questions result from this review, a key one being whether spring versus fall emergence creates significant differences in fundamental biological characteristics of winter annual weeds including seed dormancy status, microsite requirements, phenology, plant vigour and competitive ability. Given that none of the winter annuals in Canada are constitutive and given ongoing climate change, farmers in Canada should be careful not to encourage summer annuals to become winter annuals. Movement away from fall weed management, including tillage and repeated sowing of winter annual crops will encourage facultative winter annual behaviour. In addition, farmers should be wary of invasion by populations of persistent winter annuals including stinkweed, chickweed and American dragonhead.Key words: Facultative winter annual, dormancy, microsites, emergence pattern, seed rain, seed longevity, weed management

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Likelihood of Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) Reproduction on Henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) Roots in Nebraska

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-14-00063.1 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 35-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rodrigo Werle ◽

Loren J. Giesler ◽

Mark L. Bernards ◽

John L. Lindquist

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Weed Management ◽

Soybean Cyst Nematode ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

The United States ◽

Cyst Nematode ◽

South Central ◽

Main Host ◽

Winter Annual ◽

Production Areas

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is a major soybean yield–limiting disease in the United States. Henbit, a winter annual species common to no-till fields in the midwestern United States, is known to act as an alternative host for SCN. A simulation was performed to estimate how likely SCN was to reproduce on henbit roots during a 30-yr period in two important soybean production areas of Nebraska. Simulations were conducted using published information on henbit seedling emergence, SCN reproduction on henbit roots, and SCN response to soil temperature. Results indicate that SCN would be able to complete one generation on henbit roots under Nebraska conditions. The SCN reproductive cycle was not likely to be completed before the winter in south central Nebraska, but one SCN generation was predicted to be completed in the fall in 2 out of 30 simulation years (7% likelihood) in southeast Nebraska. Based on our predictions, to reduce the chances of SCN population build-up in the absence of its main host (soybean), weed management in fields infested with both henbit and SCN should be completed after crop harvest in the fall when most henbit seedlings have emerged and are growing but the SCN developing on henbit roots have not yet achieved full maturity in Nebraska.

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