Effect of Synthetic Auxin Herbicides on Seed Development and Viability in Genetically Engineered Glyphosate-Resistant Alfalfa

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 860-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandya R. Kesoju ◽  
Rick A. Boydston ◽  
Stephanie L. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Genetically Engineered ◽  
Genetic Purity ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Auxin Herbicides ◽  
Feral Alfalfa

Feral populations of cultivated crops have the potential to function as bridges and reservoirs that contribute to the unwanted movement of novel genetically engineered (GE) traits. Recognizing that feral alfalfa has the potential to lower genetic purity in alfalfa seed production fields when it is growing in the vicinity of foraging pollinators in alfalfa seed fields, industry has established production standards to control feral plants. However, with the commercialization of GE glyphosate-resistant (GR) alfalfa and the need to support the coexistence of both GE and conventional production, effective methods to control transgenic feral alfalfa need to be developed. Therefore, a study was conducted in 2012, 2013, and 2014 to determine the effect of several synthetic auxin herbicides on seed development in GR alfalfa. GR alfalfa, var. Genuity (R44BD16), was treated with dicamba, 2,4-D, triclopyr, and aminopyralid when alfalfa plants contained green seed pods. Two weeks after herbicide application, plants were harvested, air dried, and seed yield, seed germination, and seedling emergence from the soil were determined. In 2013, dicamba, triclopyr, and 2,4-D decreased alfalfa seed yield per plant compared wih nontreated plants, whereas in 2014, all four herbicides decreased alfalfa seed yield per plant 24 to 49% (by weight) compared with nontreated plants. The same trend was evident in 2012, but seed yield was variable and was not significantly different among treatments. Seed germination averaged 43, 50, and 72% in 2012, 2013, and 2014, respectively, and was not affected by the four herbicides applied at early pod-fill stage. However, seeds harvested from plants treated with dicamba, 2,4-D, and triclopyr often produced deformed and abnormal seedlings, and when planted in soil, frequently failed to emerge. The combined effects of dicamba, 2,4-D, and triclopyr in reducing seed yield, seedling emergence, and seedling growth could contribute to managing feral alfalfa populations.

Preharvest glyphosate in alfalfa for seed production: Effect on alfalfa seed yield and quality

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. May ◽  
H. A. Loeppky ◽  
D. C. Murrell ◽  
C. D. Myhre ◽  
J. J. Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Canada Thistle ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Seed Yields

Preharvest applications of glyphosate have been shown to be effective in controlling Canada thistle in annual crops, but may reduce alfalfa seed yield depending on time and rate of application. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of preharvest applications of glyphosate on subsequent alfalfa seed yield and quality. The effects of timing, 1, 26, 51 and 76% alfalfa seed pod maturity, and rate, 0, 440, 880, 1320, and 1760 g a.i. ha-1, of a preharvest application of glyphosate on alfalfa seed yield and quality in the year of application, and regrowth and seed yield in the following year were determined. The rate of glyphosate applied did not affect seed yield in the application year; however, in the following year, growth and seed yield were reduced as rates increased. Delaying the application of glyphosate increased seed yields in the application year, but decreased alfalfa regrowth and flowering the following year. Germination and seedling emergence were not affected by the rate or timing of the glyphosate. A preharvest application of glyphosate at 1760 g a.i. ha-1 at 76% pod maturity is a viable option in the last year of seed production. Key words: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), glyphosate, abnormal seeds, seed quality, and seedling vigour

The Influence of Hard Water on 2,4-D Formulations for the Control of Dandelion

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
Geoffrey P. Schortgen ◽  
Aaron J. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Salt ◽  
Synthetic Auxin ◽  
Auxin Herbicides ◽  
Acid Herbicides

The herbicide 2,4-D is used in a variety of cropping systems, especially in grasses since it is a selective postemergence broadleaf herbicide. However, the most common formulation (2,4-D dimethylamine) is antagonized when mixed in hard water. The objective of this research was to determine which formulations of 2,4-D or premixes of various formulations of synthetic auxin herbicides are subject to hard water antagonism. Formulations surveyed for hard water antagonism in the first experiment included 2,4-D dimethylamine, 2,4-D diethanolamine, 2,4-D monomethylamine, 2,4-D isopropylamine salt, 2,4-D choline salt, 2,4-D isooctyl ester, and 2,4-D ethylhexyl ester. Synthetic auxin formulation types in the second experiment included water-soluble, emulsifiable concentrates and emulsion-in-water. All formulations were mixed with both soft and hard water (600 mg CaCO3 L-1) and applied to dandelions to determine if antagonism occurred in hard water. Water-soluble (amine and choline) 2,4-D formulations were antagonized by hard water, but water-insoluble (ester) 2,4-D formulations were not antagonized. Similar results were found by formulation type with water-soluble synthetic auxin premixes antagonized but emulsifiable concentrates not antagonized. Further, water-soluble salt formulations were not antagonized when formulated in premixes with other synthetic auxin herbicides as an emulsion-in-water. This research demonstrates that all 2,4-D water-soluble formulations and water-soluble premixes with phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides are subject to hard water antagonism. Formulations of 2,4-D containing emulsifying agents protect against antagonism by the water-insoluble nature of ingredients in their formulation.

scholarly journals Asymbiotic germination of Vanilla planifolia in relation to the timing of seed collection and seed pretreatments

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsin Yeh ◽  
Kai-Yi Chen ◽  
Yung-I. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Vanilla Planifolia ◽  
Outermost Layer ◽  
Seed Collection ◽  
Seed Pretreatment ◽  
Immature Seeds ◽  
Mature Seeds

Abstract Background Vanilla planifolia is an important tropical orchid for production of natural vanilla flavor. Traditionally, V. planifolia is propagated by stem cuttings, which produces identical genotype that are sensitive to virulent pathogens. However, propagation with seed germination of V. planifolia is intricate and unstable because the seed coat is extremely hard with strong hydrophobic nature. A better understanding of seed development, especially the formation of impermeable seed coat would provide insights into seed propagation and conservation of genetic resources of Vanilla. Results We found that soaking mature seeds in 4% sodium hypochlorite solution from 75 to 90 min significantly increased germination. For the culture of immature seeds, the seed collection at 45 days after pollination (DAP) had the highest germination percentage. We then investigated the anatomical features during seed development that associated with the effect of seed pretreatment on raising seed germination percentage. The 45-DAP immature seeds have developed globular embryos and the thickened non-lignified cell wall at the outermost layer of the outer seed coat. Seeds at 60 DAP and subsequent stages germinated poorly. As the seed approached maturity, the cell wall of the outermost layer of the outer seed coat became lignified and finally compressed into a thick envelope at maturity. On toluidine blue O staining, the wall of outer seed coat stained greenish blue, indicating the presence of phenolic compounds. As well, on Nile red staining, a cuticular substance was detected in the surface wall of the embryo proper and the innermost wall of the inner seed coat. Conclusion We report a reliable protocol for seed pretreatment of mature seeds and for immature seeds culture based on a defined time schedule of V. plantifolia seed development. The window for successful germination of culturing immature seed was short. The quick accumulation of lignin, phenolics and/or phytomelanins in the seed coat may seriously inhibit seed germination after 45 DAP. As seeds matured, the thickened and lignified seed coat formed an impermeable envelope surrounding the embryo, which may play an important role in inducing dormancy. Further studies covering different maturity of green capsules are required to understand the optimal seed maturity and germination of seeds.

scholarly journals Non-TZF Protein AtC3H59/ZFWD3 Is Involved in Seed Germination, Seedling Development, and Seed Development, Interacting with PPPDE Family Protein Desi1 in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4738
Author(s):  
Hye-Yeon Seok ◽  
Hyungjoon Bae ◽  
Taehyoung Kim ◽  
Syed Muhammad Muntazir Mehdi ◽  
Linh Vu Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Primary Root ◽  
Seedling Development ◽  
Ccch Zinc Finger ◽  
Family Protein ◽  
Wd40 Domain ◽  
Primary Root Length

Despite increasing reports on the function of CCCH zinc finger proteins in plant development and stress response, the functions and molecular aspects of many non-tandem CCCH zinc finger (non-TZF) proteins remain uncharacterized. AtC3H59/ZFWD3 is an Arabidopsis non-TZF protein and belongs to the ZFWD subfamily harboring a CCCH zinc finger motif and a WD40 domain. In this study, we characterized the biological and molecular functions of AtC3H59, which is subcellularly localized in the nucleus. The seeds of AtC3H59-overexpressing transgenic plants (OXs) germinated faster than those of wild type (WT), whereas atc3h59 mutant seeds germinated slower than WT seeds. AtC3H59 OX seedlings were larger and heavier than WT seedlings, whereas atc3h59 mutant seedlings were smaller and lighter than WT seedlings. Moreover, AtC3H59 OX seedlings had longer primary root length than WT seedlings, whereas atc3h59 mutant seedlings had shorter primary root length than WT seedlings, owing to altered cell division activity in the root meristem. During seed development, AtC3H59 OXs formed larger and heavier seeds than WT. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we isolated Desi1, a PPPDE family protein, as an interacting partner of AtC3H59. AtC3H59 and Desi1 interacted via their WD40 domain and C-terminal region, respectively, in the nucleus. Taken together, our results indicate that AtC3H59 has pleiotropic effects on seed germination, seedling development, and seed development, and interacts with Desi1 in the nucleus via its entire WD40 domain. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the biological functions of the ZFWD protein and Desi1 in Arabidopsis.

scholarly journals Effect of Environmental Factors on the Germination and Emergence of Drunken Horse Grass (Achnatherum inebrians)

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Yonghuan Yue ◽  
Guili Jin ◽  
Weihua Lu ◽  
Ke Gong ◽  
Wanqiang Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Western China ◽  
Burial Depth ◽  
Achnatherum Inebrians ◽  
Water Ph

Abstract Drunken horse grass [Achnatherum inebrians (Hance) Keng] is a perennial poisonous weed in western China. A comprehensive understanding of the ecological response of A. inebrians germination to environmental factors would facilitate the formulation of better management strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of various abiotic factors, including temperature, light, water, pH and burial depth, on the seed germination and seedling emergence of A. inebrians. The seeds germinated at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35°C and in alternating-temperature regimes of 15/5, 20/10, 25/15, 30/20, 35/25, 40/30°C, and the seed germination percentages under constant and alternating temperatures ranged from 51% to 94% and 15% to 93%, respectively. Maximum germination occurred at a constant temperature of 25°C, and germination was prevented at 45/35°C. Light did not appear to affect seed germination. The germination percentage of seeds was more than 75% in the pH range of 5 to 10, with the highest germination percentage at pH 6. The seeds germinated at osmotic potentials of 0 MPa to -1.0 MPa, but decreasing osmotic potential inhibited germination, with no germination at -1.2MPa. After 21 d of low osmotic stress, the seeds that did not germinate after rehydration had not lost their vitality. The seedling emergence percentage was highest (90%) when seeds were buried at 1 cm but declined with increasing burial depth and no emergence at 9 cm. Deep tillage may be effective in limiting the seed germination and emergence of this species. The results of this study provide useful information on the conditions necessary for A. inebrians germination and provide a theoretical basis for science-based prediction, prevention and control of this species.

Methane-rich water alleviates NaCl toxicity during alfalfa seed germination

2016 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaikai Zhu ◽  
Weiti Cui ◽  
Chen Dai ◽  
Mingzhu Wu ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Alfalfa Seed ◽  
Nacl Toxicity

INFLUENCE DES CULTIVARS ET DES STADES DE PRÉLÈVEMENT DE LA PREMIÈRE POUSSE SUR LA PRODUCTION DE SEMENCE DE TRÈFLE ROUGE

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071-1080 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCIUS BELZILE
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Kernel Weight ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultivar Group ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Clover Seed

For five years, the effect of cultivars and vegetative stage of cutting were measured on red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed production. The first group of cultivars included Hungaropoli, Ottawa and Lakeland harvested in 1981 and 1982. The second group included Arlington, Florex and Prosper I harvested in 1984, 1985 and 1987. The total annual seed yield differed within cultivars and the highest seed yield was obtained with Hungaropoly and Florex. In the first cultivar group, the tetraploid Hungaropoly obtained a kernel weight higher than the diploids Lakeland and Ottawa. In the second group of cultivars, all diploids, Arlington yielded the highest kernel weight. The percentage of seed germination of Hungaropoly was higher than Lakeland and Ottawa while for Florex it was slightly higher than Arlington and Prosper I. A prior vegetative cutting is essential for good seed yield. In the absence of vegetative cutting seed weight seemed improved. The stage of development at which vegetative cutting is done has little influence on percentage seed germination. These results have shown that despite the strong effect of climatic conditions on seed production, the choice of the optimum stage for vegetative cutting and a well adapted cultivar are important aspects in successful seed production.Key words: Red clover, seed production, cultivar, stage of cutting

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