IDENTIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF SULPHATE-CONJUGATED NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN THE INTESTINAL CONTENTS OF EARLY AND MID-TERM FOETUSES

1973 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. HUHTANIEMI ◽  
R. VIHKO
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Neutral Steroid ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Human Foetuses

SUMMARY Sulphate-conjugated neutral steroids in the intestinal contents of early and mid-term human foetuses (14–20 weeks of gestation) were investigated by gas—liquid chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Twenty-four neutral steroids were found in the monosulphate fraction and 21 in the disulphate fraction. The total concentration of these steroids varied between 9·6 and 15·3 mg/100 g meconium wet weight, about half being monosulphates and half disulphates. Steroids with a 3β-hydroxy-5-ene structure were found and also saturated steroids which carried hydroxyl groups at carbons 3, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 or 21. Among them were steroids not previously detected in human foetal compartments. Thus, the foetal meconium is both qualitatively and quantitatively the richest foetal source of neutral steroid sulphates so far investigated. The present results together with those reported in the literature show that in the course of pregnancy there is a many-fold increase in the steroid concentration of the foetal intestinal contents. This is most obvious in the case of saturated C19 steroids and polar pregnane derivatives. Reduction of the 20-ones to 20β-ols seems to be more extensive towards the end of pregnancy. 5, 16-Pregnadienes and 3β-hydroxy-5β-pregnanes are present in higher concentrations in early pregnancy.

ENDOGENOUS STEROID SULPHATES AND GLUCURONIDES IN THE GALLBLADDER BILE FROM EARLY AND MID-TERM HUMAN FOETUSES

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. HUHTANIEMI
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Foetal Liver ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Steroid Conjugates ◽  
Endogenous Steroid ◽  
Human Foetuses

SUMMARY The neutral steroids derived from their conjugates present in a pool of bile from 20 human foetuses were analysed by gas—liquid chromatography and gas chromatography— mass spectrometry. Ten monosulphates, twelve disulphates and seven glucuronides were detected, but no free steroids were found. Both saturated and unsaturated steroids of the C19- and C21-series were detected. The glucuronides of 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, 5α-pregnane-3β,16α,20α-triol and 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one as well as the monosulphate of 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone were present in the highest concentrations. Other major components were the monosulphates of dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone and 16α-hydroxypregnenolone and the disulphates of 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol, 3β, 17β-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one and 5β-prenane-3ξ,20α,21-triol. The total concentration of the monosulphate conjugates was 435 μg/100 g sample (wet weight), of the disulphates 363 μg/100 g and of the glucuronides 815 μg/100 g. Many of the compounds detected have previously been found in the foetal liver and intestinal contents. It is therefore concluded that during early and mid-gestation the foetal liver is already excreting many steroid conjugates through the biliary tract into the intestinal canal. As in other foetal compartments, considerable amounts of steroid sulphates were detected. However, the presence of steroid glucuronides in the bile suggests that the formation of hepatic glucuronides already occurs during the foetal period.

IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF NEUTRAL STEROID SULPHATES IN HUMAN FOETAL ADRENAL AND LIVER TISSUE

1970 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Huhtaniemi ◽  
T. Luukkainen ◽  
R. Vihko
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Keto Group ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Silyl Ethers ◽  
Adrenal Tissue ◽  
Neutral Steroid

ABSTRACT The endogenous neutral steroids in adrenal and liver tissue obtained from foetuses of 12–17 weeks gestation were investigated. After extractions, the steroids were fractionated into a monosulphate and a disulphate fraction on Sephadex LH-20. The conjugates were cleaved by solvolysis, and purified on silicic acid and their trimethyl silyl ethers were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Only neutral steroid monosulphates were found. The following compounds were identified in the monosulphate fraction of adrenal tissue: dehydroepiandrosterone, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, and of liver tissue; dehydroepiandrosterone, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, androst-5-ene-3β,16α,17β-triol, pregnenolone, 17α-hydroxypregnenolone and 16α-hydroxypregnenolone. The identifications and the results of the quantitative determinations of endogenous neutral steroid sulphates suggest that pregnenolone is synthesised in vivo in the foetal adrenal and converted to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphates. The latter compound is further transformed to 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. No 16α-hydroxylation of pregnenolone was observed in adrenal tissue, whereas liver tissue seems to form 16α-hydroxypregnenolone. Reduction of a 17-keto group to 17β-hydroxyl and a 20-keto group to 20α-hydroxyl seems to take place in liver but not in adrenal tissue.

ENDOGENOUS NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN THE LUNG TISSUE OF EARLY AND MID-TERM HUMAN FOETUSES AND IN VITRO STUDIES ON THEIR FORMATION

1974 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Huhtaniemi
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Total Concentrations ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Human Foetuses ◽  
Endogenous Steroids

ABSTRACT Four pools of lung tissue from 2 or 3 foetuses of 11–17 weeks' gestational age were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography and gaschromatography-mass spectrometry for endogenous neutral steroids. All of the steroids detected were present as their mono- or disulphate conjugates. No free compounds were found. Dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone and their 16α-hydroxylated derivatives were the compounds present in highest concentrations in the monosulphate fraction. The most prominent steroid in the disulphate fraction was 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol. Other compounds detected were the monosulphates of 3β,7α-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3β,16β- dihydroxy -5- androsten-17-one, 3β,17β- dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one, 5-androstene-3β,16β,1 7α-triol, 5-pregnene-3β,17α-diol, and 3β,17α-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one and the disulphates of 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, 3β,16α-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one and 5-pregnene-3β,20α-diol. The total concentrations of steroids in the lung tissue varied from 300 to 600 μg/100 g tissue wet weight. In order to gain some insight into the origin of the endogenous steroids detected, i. e. whether they were synthesized by the lung tissue or only filtered by it from the perfusing blood, minced lung tissue was incubated with dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone, 3β,17α-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one and with their sulphate conjugates. Evidence for the presence of the following enzymes was found: sulphokinase, 7α-hydroxylase, 16αhydroxylase, 17α-hydroxylase, 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and C17–20 desmolase.

NEUTRAL STEROID SULPHATES IN AMNIOTIC FLUID

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 391-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LUUKKAINEN ◽  
A. SIEGEL ◽  
R. VIHKO
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Detection Limit ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Human Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Neutral Steroid

SUMMARY Steroid monosulphate and disulphate fractions were obtained by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 from human amniotic fluid collected at term. Only 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone could be identified in the monosulphate fraction, the detection limit being 5–8 μg./1000 ml. amniotic fluid. In the disulphate fraction 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, 5-pregnene-3β,20α-diol, 5α-pregnane-3β,20α-diol, 16α-hydroxydehy-droepiandrosterone, 16β-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 3β, 17β-dihy-droxy-5-androsten-16-one and 5-pregnene-3β,17α,20α-triol were identified by gas—liquid chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. The concentrations of these steroids were determined in a pool of human amniotic fluid taken at term. The main compound was 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol.

Extraction and Characterization of Gibberellins from Hordeum vulgare L. Seedlings

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
KF Faull ◽  
BG Coombe ◽  
LG Paleg
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Two gibberellins, one GA1-like, the other GA3-like, were identified in the extracts of roots and tops of 8-,11- and 15-day-old barley seedlings by paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, thin-layer chromatography, gas-liquid chromatography and bioassay procedures, followed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The amounts of gibberellins in the seedlings ranged from 7 to 11 ng per plant. The concentrations of gibberellins in the seedlings were 32-320 ng/g dry weight and 5-28 ng/g fresh weight; concentrations in the roots were higher than those in the shoots.

Monitoring drug concentrations in a case of combined overdosage with primidone and methsuximide.

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 915-921 ◽  
Author(s):  
G F Johnson ◽  
C J Least ◽  
J W Serum ◽  
E B Solow ◽  
H M Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Therapeutic Decision ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Monitoring Drug ◽  
Drug Concentrations

Abstract We describe a case of fatal overdosage with primidone and methsuximide. During the early phase of the patient's hospital course we found concentrations of methsuximide, N-desmethylmethsuximide, and primidone in serum that far exceeded the usual therapeutic concentrations, as determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Determination of N-desmethylmethsuximide in peritoneal fluid demonstrated concentrations comparable to those in serum. This led to the therapeutic decision to manage the patient by dialysis. Subsequently, serum samples collected during the course of hospitalization were analyzed quantitatively by gas-liquid chromatography for methsuximide, N-desmethylmethsuximide, primidone, phenobarbital, and diphenylhydantoin. Selected serum specimens were also analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and N-methyl-2-hydroxymethyl-2-phenylsuccinimide, a metabolite of methsuximide not previously described in human serum, was identified by analysis of its mass spectrum.

DISULPHATES OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN THE AMNIOTIC FLUID FROM ANENCEPHALIC PREGNANCIES

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. LUUKKAINEN ◽  
E. A. MICHIE ◽  
R. VIHKO
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Human Bile ◽  
Normal Term ◽  
Pregnancy Urine

SUMMARY Steroid disulphate fractions were obtained by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 from samples of amniotic fluid from three pregnancies complicated by anencephaly. Several of the steroids with a 3β-hydroxy-5-ene structure found in normal amniotic fluid could not be detected. 5-Androstene-3β,17α-diol, the main steroid disulphate in normal amniotic fluid was present in concentrations of <5% of the values at normal term. The disulphates of neutral steroids found in highest concentrations in the amniotic fluid of anencephalic pregnancies were those of isomeric pregnanediols; 5α-pregnane-3α,20α-diol, 5α-pregnane-3β,20α-diol and 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol. The quantities of these metabolites of progesterone in the amniotic fluid of anencephalic pregnancies were similar to those in normal pregnancies. A saturated 18-hydroxylated C19 steroid, most probably 3α,18-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one, was identified by gas—liquid chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Although this compound has been previously identified in human bile and in normal pregnancy urine, this appears to be the first identification of a saturated C19 steroid in amniotic fluid.

Steroids in meconium and faeces from newborn infants

1972 ◽  
Vol 180 (1059) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Gas—liquid chromatography and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry have been used to study the pattern of sterols in meconium and faeces from newborn infants. Meconium contained metabolites from various steps in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, e. g. lanosterol, 24, 25-dihydro-∆ 8 -lanosterol, 24, 25-dihydro-∆ 9 -lanosterol, 4 α ,14 α -dimethyl-5 α -cholest-7 (and 8)-en-3 β -ol, 4, 4-dimethyl-5 α -cholest-8-en-3 β -ol, 4, 4-dimethyl-5 α -cholesta-8, 14-dien-3 β -ol and ∆ 7 - and ∆ 8 -methostenol. Meconium and faeces from newborns also contained the sulphate esters of 20, 22-dihydroxycholesterol and of 22-, 23- and 24-hydroxycholesterol.

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