scholarly journals Variation in the Renin Angiotensin System throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-452
Author(s):  
Mala Chidambaram ◽  
John A. Duncan ◽  
Vesta S. Lai ◽  
Daniel C. Cattran ◽  
John S. Floras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Systemic Hemodynamic ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

ABSTRACT. It has been demonstrated elsewhere that circulating renin angiotensin system (RAS) components peak when plasma estrogen levels are highest, during the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. This phenomenon has been attributed to “activation” of the RAS. The end-organ vasoconstrictive response to this phenomenon has not been well established. In two related experiments, the RAS was studied in healthy, premenopausal women during predefined phases of the normal menstrual cycle. In the first experiment, the circulating components of the RAS and the systemic hemodynamic response to incremental lower body negative pressure (LBNP) during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle were examined. Response variables included mean arterial pressure (MAP), renin, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AngII), and aldosterone. Baseline levels of renin, PRA, and aldosterone were significantly higher in the luteal phase. In response to LBNP, there were significant increases in all variables in both phases; however, the humoral response to this stimulus was significantly augmented in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. Despite these elevations in circulating components of the RAS during the luteal phase, subjects were unable to maintain MAP in response to LBNP, exhibiting a dramatic depressor response that did not occur during the follicular phase. In the second experiment, renal and peripheral hemodynamic function at baseline, and in response to AngII blockade with losartan, were examined in women during these high and low estrogen phases of the menstrual cycle. The renal and peripheral hemodynamic responses were similar in the luteal phase and the follicular phase. These results demonstrate that, despite an increase in circulating RAS components during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the system is blunted rather than “activated,” at least at a tissue level. Further studies are needed to clarify this mechanism.

Effect of oral contraceptives on the renin angiotensin system and renal function

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. R807-R813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrit K. Kang ◽  
John A. Duncan ◽  
Daniel C. Cattran ◽  
John S. Floras ◽  
Vesta Lai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Renal Plasma Flow ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Secretion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Active Renin

We examined the effect of oral contraceptive (OC) usage on the renin angiotensin system (RAS) in two related experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were 34 healthy, normotensive, premenopausal women, 15 OC users and 19 OC nonusers, mean age 25 ± 1 yr, ingesting a controlled sodium diet. We assessed arterial pressure, glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, renal vascular resistance (RVR), and filtration fraction (FF) using inulin and p-aminohippurate clearance techniques, both at baseline and in response to the ANG II receptor blocker losartan. In the second experiment, in similar subjects, 10 OC users and 10 nonusers, we examined circulating RAS components [angiotensinogen, ANG II, aldosterone, plasma renin activity (PRA), and active renin] in response to incremental lower body negative pressure (LBNP), to determine whether renin secretion is suppressed by OC usage. OC users exhibited elevations in systolic blood pressure, RVR, and FF compared with nonusers, which were partially corrected by losartan. In the LBNP phase of the study, baseline measures of PRA, angiotensinogen, ANG II, and aldosterone were all increased in the OC group compared with the control group. Active renin levels did not differ between groups. Incremental LBNP resulted in increased circulating levels of RAS components in both groups. We conclude that the RAS is activated in women using OCs. There was no evidence that decreases in renin secretion result in normalization of the RAS as a whole.

Effects of the menstrual cycle on mood, neurocognitive and neuroendocrine function in healthy premenopausal women

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. SYMONDS ◽  
P. GALLAGHER ◽  
J. M. THOMPSON ◽  
A. H. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Continuous Performance Task ◽  
Biological Difference ◽  
Basal Cortisol ◽  
The Relationship

Background. Neurocognitive functioning may be impaired in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle due to associated changes in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function. This study examines the relationship between changes in neurocognition and HPA axis function in different phases of the menstrual cycle.Method. Fifteen female volunteers, free from psychiatric history and hormonal medication were tested twice, during mid-follicular and late-luteal phases in a randomized, crossover design. Mood, neurocognitive function, and basal cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were profiled.Results. Relative to the follicular phase, verbal fluency was impaired in the luteal phase and reaction times speeded on a continuous performance task, without affecting overall accuracy. ‘Hedonic’ scores on the UWIST-MACL scale were decreased in the luteal phase. There was also evidence of changes in the function of the HPA axis, with 24 h urinary cortisol concentrations and salivary DHEA levels being significantly lower during the luteal phase.Conclusions. These data suggest that luteal phase HPA axis function is lower than in the follicular phase in premenopausal healthy women. This putative biological difference may be important for our understanding of the aetiopathogenesis of menstrually related mood change and neurocognitive disturbance.

Normal Menstrual Cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pierson ◽  
Kelly Pagidas
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

A normal menstrual cycle is the end result of a sequence of purposeful and coordinated events that occur from intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and uterine axes. The menstrual cycle is under hormonal control in the reproductively active female and is functionally divided into two phases: the proliferative or follicular phase and the secretory or luteal phase. This tight hormonal control is orchestrated by a series of negative and positive endocrine feedback loops that alter the frequency of the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary response to GnRH, and the relative secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gonadotrope with subsequent direct effects on the ovary to produce a series of sex steroids and peptides that aid in the generation of a single mature oocyte and the preparation of a receptive endometrium for implantation to ensue. Any derailment along this programmed pathway can lead to an abnormal menstrual cycle with subsequent impact on the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy. This review contains 7 figures and 26 references Key words: follicle-stimulating hormone, follicular phase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone, menstrual cycle, ovulation, progesterone, proliferative phase, secretory phase

Angiotensin-dependent renal mechanisms in two-kidney, one-clip renal vascular hypertension

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (2) ◽  
pp. F131-F141 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Ploth
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Systemic Blood Pressure ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Systemic Hemodynamic ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Renal Vascular ◽  
Pharmacologic Agents

Our understanding of the physiology of the renin-angiotensin system has advanced remarkably in the last decade as a result of the development of several pharmacologic agents that effectively block components of this humoral cascade. The use of these antagonists has also advanced our understanding of the contribution of the renin-angiotensin system to the development and maintenance of two-kidney, one-clip renal vascular hypertension. These antagonists have contributed greatly to the characterization of the systemic hemodynamic changes that occur in this model and, particularly, to the delineation of the behavior of the nonclipped kidney, a previously normal kidney that is subjected acutely to an environment of elevated systemic blood pressure and the input of a variety of other extrinsic influences. This kidney not only allows the blood pressure to increase and persist at elevated levels but appears to actively participate in the development and propagation of the hypertension. Although a variety of mechanisms impinge on the function of the nonclipped kidney in this model, the goal of this review is to analyze the behavior of this kidney and how its functional state is perturbed, primarily by the influence of angiotensin, which is believed to be delivered to it by the systemic circulation.

THE SEQUENCE OF PITUITARY RESPONSES TO SYNTHETIC LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (LH-RH) THROUGHOUT THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn M. Grimes ◽  
Irwin E. Thompson ◽  
Melvin L. Taymor
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT Thirty-one ovulatory women between 20 and 33 years of age were given 150 μg of synthetic LH-RH during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Five patients were studied during the early follicular phase (days 4–7); 10 patients during the late follicular phase (days 9–12); 6 patients during the "LH Surge"; 5 patients during the early luteal phase (days 14–16); 3 patients during mid-luteal phase (days 17–21); and 2 patients during late luteal phase (days 22–27). Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH levels were determined from 30 min prior to LH-RH administration to 90 min thereafter in all cases. LH response to LH-RH increased progressively during the follicular phase. Enhanced pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH occurred at mid-cycle for both LH and FSH and maximum LH responses occurred during the "LH Surge" and early luteal phase. LH responses during the mid and late luteal phases were similar to late follicular phase responses. There were no significant differences between FSH responses during the early follicular, late follicular, mid-luteal and late luteal phases. Maximum pituitary responsiveness appears to occur in a gonadal steroid milieu of high oestrogen levels in association with rising but low progesterone levels. Progesterone or a crucial oestrogen: progesterone ratio may in fact potentiate pituitary release of LH during the early stages of corpus luteum formation. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH correlates positively with basal LH and oestrogen levels during the menstrual cycle and with the oestrogen:progesterone ratio during the luteal phase.

scholarly journals Endogenous thrombin potential is higher during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1846-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chaireti ◽  
K. M. Gustafsson ◽  
B. Bystrom ◽  
K. Bremme ◽  
T. L. Lindahl
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Endogenous Thrombin Potential ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

scholarly journals Computed tomography contrast enhancement pattern of the uterus in premenopausal women in relation to menstrual cycle and hormonal contraception

2020 ◽  
pp. 028418512095840
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Angelopoulos ◽  
Magnus Palmér ◽  
Berit Gull ◽  
Niklas Lundqvist ◽  
Linda Kopelia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Contrast Enhancement ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Hormonal Contraception ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Homogeneous Type ◽  
Menstrual Cycle Phase

Background There are different types of computed tomography (CT) contrast enhancement patterns of the uterus. It is not known whether these are hormonally dependent. Purpose To assess the relationship between these patterns and the menstrual cycle in non-users of hormonal contraception, and the possible impact of hormonal contraception. Material and Methods Prospective observational study of abdominal CT scans of 53 premenopausal women of whom 28 were non-users and 25 users of hormonal contraception. The non-users were divided according to menstrual cycle phase: follicular (n = 12); ovulatory (n = 1); and luteal (n = 12). The pattern and intensity of contrast enhancement of the uterine myometrium were assessed. Results The dominant pattern of contrast enhancement of the myometrium was the diffuse homogeneous type in both non-users and users. The intensity of the enhancement measured in Hounsfield units (HU) was higher in the follicular phase (median 102, range 73–130) compared to the luteal phase in non-users (median 92, range 57–130); however this was not statistically significant ( P = 0.2). The HU values observed in users (median 95, range 45–160) were at the same levels compared to those of the luteal phase in non-users. Conclusion The dominant pattern of contrast enhancement in the portal venous phase of the myometrium in fertile ages is the diffuse homogeneous type and is independent of menstrual cycle phase or the use of hormonal contraception. However, these factors seem to play a role in the intensity of contrast enhancement, with a tendency of higher HU values in the follicular phase of non-users.

Cortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone and androgen responses to a standardized ACTH-stimulation in different stages of the normal menstrual cycle

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kruyt ◽  
R. Rolland
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Acth Stimulation Test ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Three Stages

Abstract. The release of cortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone during a standardized ACTH-stimulation test was investigated in three different stages of the normal menstrual cycle, to conclude if there is any stage dependency on the release of these hormones. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three stages concerning cortisol and testosterone increase. The increase of androstenedione in the pre-ovulatory stage was significantly higher than that seen during the early follicular phase of the cycle. The increase of 17α-OH-progesterone in the luteal phase was significantly less than that of both the early and late follicular stages of the cycle. Progesterone levels showed a small, but significant increase after ACTH-stimulation, in both the early and late stage of the follicular phase. However, the levels remained within the normal range of the follicular phase. In the luteal phase no increase was seen after ACTH-stimulation. Oestradtiol-17β levels did not change at all after ACTH-stimulation. The stage dependency of androstenedione and 17α-OH-progesterone is discussed. The described stage-dependency different increase of 17α-OH-progesterone release can be of importance when the results of ACTH-tests are evaluated to detect carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Excretory Patterns of Urinary Free 11-Hydroxycortico-Steroids and Total Oestrogens Throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 201-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Walker ◽  
I. McGilp
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Random Fluctuations ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Urine Specimens

Summary The excretion of urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and total oestrogens was studied daily in morning urine specimens throughout the menstrual cycle of six normal women (age range 18–24 years). The follicular phase of the cycle was characterised by apparently random fluctuations in the excretion of urinary free corticosteroids. However, after the mid-cycle oestrogen peak there occurred a significant drop in corticosteroid excretion, which then rose to a peak eight to 10 days after ovulation and was synchronous with the second oestrogen peak during the luteal phase.

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