Cortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone and androgen responses to a standardized ACTH-stimulation in different stages of the normal menstrual cycle

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kruyt ◽  
R. Rolland
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Acth Stimulation Test ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Three Stages

Abstract. The release of cortisol, 17α-OH-progesterone, androstenedione and testosterone during a standardized ACTH-stimulation test was investigated in three different stages of the normal menstrual cycle, to conclude if there is any stage dependency on the release of these hormones. No statistically significant differences were observed between the three stages concerning cortisol and testosterone increase. The increase of androstenedione in the pre-ovulatory stage was significantly higher than that seen during the early follicular phase of the cycle. The increase of 17α-OH-progesterone in the luteal phase was significantly less than that of both the early and late follicular stages of the cycle. Progesterone levels showed a small, but significant increase after ACTH-stimulation, in both the early and late stage of the follicular phase. However, the levels remained within the normal range of the follicular phase. In the luteal phase no increase was seen after ACTH-stimulation. Oestradtiol-17β levels did not change at all after ACTH-stimulation. The stage dependency of androstenedione and 17α-OH-progesterone is discussed. The described stage-dependency different increase of 17α-OH-progesterone release can be of importance when the results of ACTH-tests are evaluated to detect carriers of congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

THE SEQUENCE OF PITUITARY RESPONSES TO SYNTHETIC LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (LH-RH) THROUGHOUT THE NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE

1975 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elwyn M. Grimes ◽  
Irwin E. Thompson ◽  
Melvin L. Taymor
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Late Luteal Phase ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Rh ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT Thirty-one ovulatory women between 20 and 33 years of age were given 150 μg of synthetic LH-RH during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Five patients were studied during the early follicular phase (days 4–7); 10 patients during the late follicular phase (days 9–12); 6 patients during the "LH Surge"; 5 patients during the early luteal phase (days 14–16); 3 patients during mid-luteal phase (days 17–21); and 2 patients during late luteal phase (days 22–27). Oestrogen, progesterone, FSH and LH levels were determined from 30 min prior to LH-RH administration to 90 min thereafter in all cases. LH response to LH-RH increased progressively during the follicular phase. Enhanced pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH occurred at mid-cycle for both LH and FSH and maximum LH responses occurred during the "LH Surge" and early luteal phase. LH responses during the mid and late luteal phases were similar to late follicular phase responses. There were no significant differences between FSH responses during the early follicular, late follicular, mid-luteal and late luteal phases. Maximum pituitary responsiveness appears to occur in a gonadal steroid milieu of high oestrogen levels in association with rising but low progesterone levels. Progesterone or a crucial oestrogen: progesterone ratio may in fact potentiate pituitary release of LH during the early stages of corpus luteum formation. Pituitary responsiveness to LH-RH correlates positively with basal LH and oestrogen levels during the menstrual cycle and with the oestrogen:progesterone ratio during the luteal phase.

scholarly journals Variation in the Renin Angiotensin System throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 446-452
Author(s):  
Mala Chidambaram ◽  
John A. Duncan ◽  
Vesta S. Lai ◽  
Daniel C. Cattran ◽  
John S. Floras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Lower Body Negative Pressure ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Systemic Hemodynamic ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

ABSTRACT. It has been demonstrated elsewhere that circulating renin angiotensin system (RAS) components peak when plasma estrogen levels are highest, during the luteal phase of the normal menstrual cycle. This phenomenon has been attributed to “activation” of the RAS. The end-organ vasoconstrictive response to this phenomenon has not been well established. In two related experiments, the RAS was studied in healthy, premenopausal women during predefined phases of the normal menstrual cycle. In the first experiment, the circulating components of the RAS and the systemic hemodynamic response to incremental lower body negative pressure (LBNP) during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle were examined. Response variables included mean arterial pressure (MAP), renin, plasma renin activity (PRA), angiotensin II (AngII), and aldosterone. Baseline levels of renin, PRA, and aldosterone were significantly higher in the luteal phase. In response to LBNP, there were significant increases in all variables in both phases; however, the humoral response to this stimulus was significantly augmented in the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. Despite these elevations in circulating components of the RAS during the luteal phase, subjects were unable to maintain MAP in response to LBNP, exhibiting a dramatic depressor response that did not occur during the follicular phase. In the second experiment, renal and peripheral hemodynamic function at baseline, and in response to AngII blockade with losartan, were examined in women during these high and low estrogen phases of the menstrual cycle. The renal and peripheral hemodynamic responses were similar in the luteal phase and the follicular phase. These results demonstrate that, despite an increase in circulating RAS components during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, the system is blunted rather than “activated,” at least at a tissue level. Further studies are needed to clarify this mechanism.

Normal Menstrual Cycle

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Pierson ◽  
Kelly Pagidas
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

A normal menstrual cycle is the end result of a sequence of purposeful and coordinated events that occur from intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian and uterine axes. The menstrual cycle is under hormonal control in the reproductively active female and is functionally divided into two phases: the proliferative or follicular phase and the secretory or luteal phase. This tight hormonal control is orchestrated by a series of negative and positive endocrine feedback loops that alter the frequency of the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the pituitary response to GnRH, and the relative secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gonadotrope with subsequent direct effects on the ovary to produce a series of sex steroids and peptides that aid in the generation of a single mature oocyte and the preparation of a receptive endometrium for implantation to ensue. Any derailment along this programmed pathway can lead to an abnormal menstrual cycle with subsequent impact on the ability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy. This review contains 7 figures and 26 references Key words: follicle-stimulating hormone, follicular phase, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteal phase, luteinizing hormone, menstrual cycle, ovulation, progesterone, proliferative phase, secretory phase

scholarly journals Endogenous thrombin potential is higher during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase of a normal menstrual cycle

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 1846-1852 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Chaireti ◽  
K. M. Gustafsson ◽  
B. Bystrom ◽  
K. Bremme ◽  
T. L. Lindahl
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Endogenous Thrombin Potential ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

Haemostatic variables during normal menstrual cycle

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (01) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramses F. J. Kemperman ◽  
Hanneke C. Kluin-Nelemans ◽  
André B. Mulder ◽  
Karina Meijer ◽  
H. Knol
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
D Dimer

SummaryFor a number of haemostatic factors menstrual cycle variation has been studied. Such variation could have clinical implications for the timing of haemostatic testing in women. It was our objective to systematically review the literature about evidence for timing of haemostatic testing during menstrual cycle.We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane library to identify studies that measured haemostatic variables [platelet function, von Willebrand factor (VWF), factor VIII (FVIII), factor IX (FIX), factor XI (FXI), factor XIII (FXIII), D-dimer, plasminogen activator inhibitor-I (PAI-I), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), α2-antiplasmin and fibrinogen] during normal menstrual cycle without hormonal contraceptives. Two investigators independently selected studies, and abstracted data in duplicate. We identified 1,046 studies of which we included 30 studies (25 longitudinal and 5 cross-sectional studies). All studies reported on haemostatic variables during menstrual cycle. Overall, most of the studies found no cyclic variation in VWF, FVIII, FXI, FXIII, fibrinolytic factors (PAI, t-PA, uPA, D-dimer and α2-antiplasmin) and fibrinogen. However, in studies where these variables showed any variation, they reached the lowest levels during menstrual and early follicular phase, especially for VWF, FVIII and platelet function tests. In conclusion, the optimal timing for haemostatic testing during menstrual cycle seems to be menstrual and early follicular phase.

Excretory Patterns of Urinary Free 11-Hydroxycortico-Steroids and Total Oestrogens Throughout the Normal Menstrual Cycle

1978 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 201-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Walker ◽  
I. McGilp
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Normal Women ◽  
Random Fluctuations ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Urine Specimens

Summary The excretion of urinary free 11-hydroxycorticosteroids and total oestrogens was studied daily in morning urine specimens throughout the menstrual cycle of six normal women (age range 18–24 years). The follicular phase of the cycle was characterised by apparently random fluctuations in the excretion of urinary free corticosteroids. However, after the mid-cycle oestrogen peak there occurred a significant drop in corticosteroid excretion, which then rose to a peak eight to 10 days after ovulation and was synchronous with the second oestrogen peak during the luteal phase.

scholarly journals The Effect of Increased Female Sex Hormone Concentration on Movement Proprioception

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (86) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Daniusevičiūtė ◽  
Vitas Linonis ◽  
Lina Barsienė
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormone Concentration ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

Research background and hypothesis. Over the last years, basic research on the effect of different hormones on tendons and ligaments has been initiated. Regarding oestrogen receptor localization in brain and their interaction with neurotransmitters (Maki et al., 2002; Friden et al., 2003; Farage et al., 2008), we speculate that the increase in the level of female sex hormone concentration will improve the sense of movement. Research aim was to study the effect of increased female sex hormone concentration on movement proprioception. Research methods. Subjects were healthy and physically active women (n = 15) with normal menstrual cycle, aged 19–23 years, body weight – 58.2 ± 6.1 kg, height – 168.4 ± 5.6 cm as well as female basketball players  (n = 15) with normal menstrual cycle, aged 19–23 years, body weight – 78.31 ± 2.81 kg, height – 182.40 ± 4.71 cm. We performed three experiments with each participant: in follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase. The samples of 5 ml venom blood were taken to establish the amount of estradio17β-estradiol and progesterone concentration. The sense of knee joint position was evaluated using isokinetic dynamometer (System 3; Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, New York, USA). During a training session, a subject’s right leg was flexed at the knee joint and fixed at the angle of 90°. Prior to each test, the researcher demonstrated the target angle of 60° by stretching subject’s leg. In order to train the flexion of the knee joint, a subject’s right leg was extended at the knee joint and fixed at the angle of 0°. The researcher demonstrated the target angle of 50° by flexing subject’s leg. The subjects had to perform three tests at the velocity of 2°/s, 5°/s and 10°/s with their eyes open and closed. Research results.  Females in the control group performed knee joint proprioception task better with an extended knee at velocity of 2°/s with open eyes during the follicular phase, but at the velocity of 10°/s the values were better during ovulation. Basketball players performed the same task better at velocity of 5°/s during ovulation, but at velocity of 10°/s the values were better during the luteal phase. Females in control group performed knee joint proprioception task with an extended knee at the velocity of 5°/s with closed eyes better during the luteal phase. No statistical difference between control group and basketball player indices of knee joint position proprioception task with a flexed knee at velocity of 2°/s, 5°/s and 10 °/s with closed eyes during the menstrual cycle was found.Discussion and conclusion. Knee joint proprioception indices were better during ovulation phase in control group and basketball players.Keywords: knee joint proprioception, follicular phase, ovulation, luteal phase.

PITUITARY AND OVARIAN HORMONAL RESPONSE TO 48 h GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORRMONE (GnRH) INFUSIONS IN FEMALE RHESUS MONKEYS

1978 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ferin ◽  
J. Bogumil ◽  
J. Drewes ◽  
I. Dyrenfurth ◽  
R. Jewelewicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Lh Surge ◽  
Entire Duration ◽  
Female Rhesus ◽  
Early Follicular Phase ◽  
Late Follicular Phase

ABSTRACT The effects of prolonged gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) infusions on LH, FSH, oestrogens and progesterone secretion were studied in female rhesus monkeys at various times of the menstrual cycle and after castration. GnRH was infused at the rate of 15 μg/h for 48 h. This resulted in mean peripheral GnRH levels of 398 ± 31.5 pg/ml (± se) as measured by radioimmunoassay. As expected the pattern of gonadotrophin responses to GnRH varied considerably with the phase of the menstrual cycle. The largest LH increase was seen during the late follicular phase (6-fold over baseline), with a 3-fold increase during the luteal phase and a 2-fold one during the early follicular phase and in the period following the LH surge. Significant FSH increases (4-fold) were seen only during the follicular phase. Oestrogens increased about 2-fold within 4 h of the start of the infusion during the early follicular phase. In the late follicular phase and during the LH surge, they declined within 24 and 1 h, respectively. Large progesterone increases were seen only during the luteal phase. Of special interest is the fact that the increase in gonadotrophin secretion could not be maintained for the entire duration of the experiment even though GnRH continued to be infused at rates sufficient to elicit initial increases of several fold over baseline. Gonadotrophin release declined 4–28 h after the initial stimulation. A further decrease below pre-infusion control levels was particularly evident during the midcycle surge and, for FSH, after ovariectomy. These results indicate that a continuous mode of administration may rapidly induce a desensitization phenomenon at the level of the gonadotroph.

scholarly journals Soy Isoflavones Exert Modest Hormonal Effects in Premenopausal Women1

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M. Duncan ◽  
Barbara E. Merz ◽  
Xia Xu ◽  
Theodore C. Nagel ◽  
William R. Phipps ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Luteal Phase ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Soy Isoflavones ◽  
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin ◽  
Early Follicular Phase

Soy isoflavones are hypothesized to be responsible for changes in hormone action associated with reduced breast cancer risk. To test this hypothesis, we studied the effects of isoflavone consumption in 14 premenopausal women. Isoflavones were consumed in soy protein powders and provided relative to body weight (control diet, 10 ± 1.1; low isoflavone diet, 64 ± 9.2; high isoflavone diet, 128 ± 16 mg/day) for three menstrual cycles plus 9 days in a randomized cross-over design. During the last 6 weeks of each diet period, plasma was collected every other day for analysis of estrogens, progesterone, LH, and FSH. Diet effects were assessed during each of four distinctly defined menstrual cycle phases. Plasma from the early follicular phase was analyzed for androgens, cortisol, thyroid hormones, insulin, PRL, and sex hormone-binding globulin. The low isoflavone diet decreased LH (P = 0.009) and FSH (P = 0.04) levels during the periovulatory phase. The high isoflavone diet decreased free T3 (P = 0.02) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (P = 0.02) levels during the early follicular phase and estrone levels during the midfollicular phase (P = 0.02). No other significant changes were observed in hormone concentrations or in the length of the menstrual cycle, follicular phase, or luteal phase. Endometrial biopsies performed in the luteal phase of cycle 3 of each diet period revealed no effect of isoflavone consumption on histological dating. These data suggest that effects on plasma hormones and the menstrual cycle are not likely to be the primary mechanisms by which isoflavones may prevent cancer in premenopausal women.

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