scholarly journals Eye Movements during dynamic scene viewing are affected by visual attention skills and events of the scene: Evidence from first-person shooter gameplay videos

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvi Holm ◽  
Tuomo Häikiö ◽  
Konstantin Olli ◽  
Johanna Kaakinen
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
First Person ◽  
Dynamic Scene ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
Scene Viewing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Person Shooter

The role of individual differences during dynamic scene viewing was explored. Participants (N=38) watched a gameplay video of a first-person shooter (FPS) videogame while their eye movements were recorded. In addition, the participants’ skills in three visual attention tasks (attentional blink, visual search, and multiple object tracking) were assessed.  The results showed that individual differences in visual attention tasks were associated with eye movement patterns observed during viewing of the gameplay video. The differences were noted in four eye movement measures: number of fixations, fixation durations, saccade amplitudes and fixation distances from the center of the screen. The individual differences showed during specific events of the video as well as during the video as a whole. The results highlight that an unedited, fast-paced and cluttered dynamic scene can bring about individual differences in dynamic scene viewing.

scholarly journals Saliency-Based Gaze Visualization for Eye Movement Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5178
Author(s):  
Sangbong Yoo ◽  
Seongmin Jeong ◽  
Seokyeon Kim ◽  
Yun Jang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Visual Clues ◽  
Human Visual Attention

Gaze movement and visual stimuli have been utilized to analyze human visual attention intuitively. Gaze behavior studies mainly show statistical analyses of eye movements and human visual attention. During these analyses, eye movement data and the saliency map are presented to the analysts as separate views or merged views. However, the analysts become frustrated when they need to memorize all of the separate views or when the eye movements obscure the saliency map in the merged views. Therefore, it is not easy to analyze how visual stimuli affect gaze movements since existing techniques focus excessively on the eye movement data. In this paper, we propose a novel visualization technique for analyzing gaze behavior using saliency features as visual clues to express the visual attention of an observer. The visual clues that represent visual attention are analyzed to reveal which saliency features are prominent for the visual stimulus analysis. We visualize the gaze data with the saliency features to interpret the visual attention. We analyze the gaze behavior with the proposed visualization to evaluate that our approach to embedding saliency features within the visualization supports us to understand the visual attention of an observer.

Information Processing vs Visual Attention during Incidental Learning

1976 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Wyrick ◽  
Vincent J. Tempone ◽  
Jack Capehart
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Discrimination Training ◽  
Incidental Learning ◽  
Intentional Learning ◽  
Order Information ◽  
Level Of Training ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between attention and incidental learning during discrimination training was studied in 30 children, aged 10 to 11. A polymetric eye-movement recorder measured direct visual attention. Consistent with previous findings, recall of incidental stimuli was greatest during the initial and terminal stages of intentional learning. Contrary to previous explanations, however, visual attention to incidental stimuli was not related to training. While individual differences in attention to incidental stimuli were predictive of recall, attention to incidental stimuli was not related to level of training. Results suggested that changes in higher order information processing rather than direct visual attention were responsible for the curvilinear learning of incidental stimuli during intentional training.

Telephone Conversations Affect the Executive but not the Alerting or Orienting Network

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melina Kunar ◽  
Derrick Watson ◽  
Rhiannon Richards ◽  
Daniel Gunnell
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Attentional Networks ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
Conflict Effect ◽  
The Individual

Previous work has shown that talking on a mobile phone leads to an impairment of visual attention. Gunnell et al. (2020) investigated the locus of these dual-task impairments and found that although phone conversations led to cognitive delays in response times, other mechanisms underlying particular selective attention tasks were unaffected. Here we investigated which attentional networks, if any, were impaired by having a phone conversation. We used the Attentional Network Task (ANT) to evaluate performance of the alerting, orienting and executive attentional networks, both in conditions where people were engaged in a conversation and where they were silent. Two experiments showed that there was a robust delay in response across all three networks. However, at the individual network level, holding a conversation did not influence the size of the alerting or orienting effects but it did reduce the size of the conflict effect within the executive network. The findings suggest that holding a conversation can reduce the overall speed of responding and, via its influence on the executive network, can reduce the amount of information that can be processed from the environment.

Instructions to attend to an observed action increase imitation in autistic adults

Autism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 730-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Gowen ◽  
Andrius Vabalas ◽  
Alexander J Casson ◽  
Ellen Poliakoff
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Autistic Group ◽  
Instruction Condition ◽  
Following Instructions ◽  
Autistic Adults ◽  
Movement Imitation ◽  
Vertical Elevation

This study investigated whether reduced visual attention to an observed action might account for altered imitation in autistic adults. A total of 22 autistic and 22 non-autistic adults observed and then imitated videos of a hand producing sequences of movements that differed in vertical elevation while their hand and eye movements were recorded. Participants first performed a block of imitation trials with general instructions to imitate the action. They then performed a second block with explicit instructions to attend closely to the characteristics of the movement. Imitation was quantified according to how much participants modulated their movement between the different heights of the observed movements. In the general instruction condition, the autistic group modulated their movements significantly less compared to the non-autistic group. However, following instructions to attend to the movement, the autistic group showed equivalent imitation modulation to the non-autistic group. Eye movement recording showed that the autistic group spent significantly less time looking at the hand movement for both instruction conditions. These findings show that visual attention contributes to altered voluntary imitation in autistic individuals and have implications for therapies involving imitation as well as for autistic people’s ability to understand the actions of others.

Curious eyes: Individual differences in personality predict eye movement behavior in scene-viewing

Cognition ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan F. Risko ◽  
Nicola C. Anderson ◽  
Sophie Lanthier ◽  
Alan Kingstone
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Scene Viewing

scholarly journals Edit Blindness: The relationship between attention and global change blindness in dynamic scenes.

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim J. Smith ◽  
John M. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Change Blindness ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Sudden Onset ◽  
Dynamic Scene ◽  
Dynamic Scenes ◽  
Film Editing ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
Scene Viewing ◽  
The Relationship

Although we experience the visual world as a continuous, richly detailed space we often fail to notice large and significant changes. Such change blindness has been demonstrated for local object changes and changes to the visual form of whole images, however it is assumed that total changes from one image to another would be easily detected. Film editing presents such total changes several times a minute yet we rarely seem to be aware of them, a phenomenon we refer to here as edit blindness. This phenomenon has never been empirically demonstrated even though film editors believe they have at their disposal techniques that induce edit blindness, the Continuity Editing Rules. In the present study we tested the relationship between Continuity Editing Rules and edit blindness by instructing participants to detect edits while watching excerpts from feature films. Eye movements were recorded during the task. The results indicate that edits constructed according to the Continuity Editing Rules result in greater edit blindness than edits not adhering to the rules. A quarter of edits joining two viewpoints of the same scene were undetected and this increased to a third when the edit coincided with a sudden onset of motion. Some cuts may be missed due to suppression of the cut transients by coinciding with eyeblinks or saccadic eye movements but the majority seem to be due to inattentional blindness as viewers attend to the depicted narrative. In conclusion, this study presents the first empirical evidence of edit blindness and its relationship to natural attentional behaviour during dynamic scene viewing.

A Working Memory Explanation for the Effects of Eye Movements in EMDR

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Maxfield ◽  
William T. Melnyk ◽  
Gordon C. A. Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Attention Tasks ◽  
Memory Resources ◽  
Negative Memories

Research has consistently demonstrated that performance is degraded when participants engage in two simultaneous tasks that require the same working memory resources. This study tested predictions from working memory theory to investigate the effects of eye movement (EM) on the components of autobiographical memory. In two experiments, 24 and 36 participants, respectively, focused on negative memories while engaging in three dual-attention EM tasks of increasing complexity. Compared to No-EM, Slow-EM and Fast-EM produced significantly decreased ratings of image vividness, thought clarity, and emotional intensity, and the more difficult Fast-EM resulted in larger decreases than did Slow-EM. The effects on emotional intensity were not consistent, with some preliminary evidence that a focus on memory-related thought might maintain emotional intensity during simple dual-attention tasks (Slow-EM, No-EM). The findings of our experiments support a working memory explanation for the effects of EM dual-attention tasks on autobiographical memory. Implications for understanding the mechanisms of action in EMDR are discussed.

Eye Movement Behavior and Individual Differences in Word Identification During Reading

2017 ◽  
pp. 66-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn R. Folk ◽  
Michael A. Eskenazi
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Word Identification ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Adult Readers ◽  
Developing Readers ◽  
Different Populations

This chapter provides an overview of how the observation of eye movement behavior can be used to study how words are identified during reading in different populations. The chapter begins with a discussion of different eye movement behaviors, the perceptual span, and parafoveal processing. After providing the reader with a basic understanding of terms and methodology, the authors discuss how eye movements in reading change across the lifespan, individual differences in eye movement behavior in lower-skill and higher-skill adult readers, and eye movement patterns in special populations. This discussion highlights what is known about changes in eye movement behaviors from developing readers to older adult readers. It also includes a discussion of the role of eye movements in dyslexia and eye movement behavior in readers who are deaf.

scholarly journals Eye movement patterns during scene viewing predict individual differences

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Taylor Hayes ◽  
John Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Scene Viewing

Eye movements when dividing Attention between a Tracking Task and Instrument Displays

1986 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 790-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shigeru Haga ◽  
Neville Moray
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Tracking Task ◽  
Control Panel ◽  
Marked Individual ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Observing Response

In many tasks such as train driving, the operator must divide his attention between viewing a dynamic environment and viewing instruments on a control panel. Such a situation was simulated and eye movements were recorded in two conditions, (I) when all displays were continuously visible, and (II) when instruments could only be viewed on demand by means of an observing response. Eye movement patterns were far more constrained in the second condition, and there were marked individual differences. In Condition I, attention was more homogeneously distributed. The results are thought to be relevant to the design of CRT-based displays.

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