The Dawn of the Human-Machine Era: A forecast of new and emerging language technologies

New language technologies are coming, thanks to the huge and competing private investment fuelling rapid progress; we can either understand and foresee their effects, or be taken by surprise and spend our time trying to catch up. This report scketches out some transformative new technologies that are likely to fundamentally change our use of language. Some of these may feel unrealistically futuristic or far-fetched, but a central purpose of this report - and the wider LITHME network - is to illustrate that these are mostly just the logical development and maturation of technologies currently in prototype. But will everyone benefit from all these shiny new gadgets? Throughout this report we emphasise a range of groups who will be disadvantaged and issues of inequality. Important issues of security and privacy will accompany new language technologies. A further caution is to re-emphasise the current limitations of AI. Looking ahead, we see many intriguing opportunities and new capabilities, but a range of other uncertainties and inequalities. New devices will enable new ways to talk, to translate, to remember, and to learn. But advances in technology will reproduce existing inequalities among those who cannot afford these devices, among the world’s smaller languages, and especially for sign language. Debates over privacy and security will flare and crackle with every new immersive gadget. We will move together into this curious new world with a mix of excitement and apprehension - reacting, debating, sharing and disagreeing as we always do. Plug in, as the human-machine era dawns.

Download Full-text

Comprehensive Study of Security and Privacy of Emerging Non-Volatile Memories

Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications ◽

10.3390/jlpea11040036 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 36

Author(s):

Mohammad Nasim Imtiaz Khan ◽

Swaroop Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Data Privacy ◽

New Technologies ◽

Spin Transfer Torque ◽

Main Memory ◽

Security And Privacy ◽

System Level ◽

System Throughput ◽

Privacy And Security ◽

Von Neumann ◽

Privacy Issues

Several promising non-volatile memories (NVMs) such as magnetic RAM (MRAM), spin-transfer torque RAM (STTRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), and phase-change memory (PCM) are being investigated to keep the static leakage within a tolerable limit. These new technologies offer high density and consume zero leakage power and can bridge the gap between processor and memory. The desirable properties of emerging NVMs make them suitable candidates for several applications including replacement of conventional memories. However, their unique characteristics introduce new data privacy and security issues. Some of them are already available in the market as discrete chips or a part of full system implementation. They are considered to become ubiquitous in future computing devices. Therefore, it is important to ensure their security/privacy issues. Note that these NVMs can be considered for cache, main memory, or storage application. They are also suitable to implement in-memory computation which increases system throughput and eliminates von Neumann bottleneck. Compute-capable NVMs impose new security and privacy challenges that are fundamentally different than their storage counterpart. This work identifies NVM vulnerabilities and attack vectors originating from the device level all the way to circuits and systems, considering both storage and compute applications. We also summarize the circuit/system-level countermeasures to make the NVMs robust against security and privacy issues.

Download Full-text

Anonymous Mutual and Batch Authentication with Location Privacy of UAV in FANET

Drones ◽

10.3390/drones6010014 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Arun Sekar Rajasekaran ◽

Azees Maria ◽

Fadi Al-Turjman ◽

Chadi Altrjman ◽

Leonardo Mostarda

Keyword(s):

Ad Hoc Network ◽

Location Privacy ◽

Ad Hoc ◽

Mobile Ad Hoc Network ◽

New Technologies ◽

Mutual Authentication ◽

Computational Cost ◽

Security And Privacy ◽

Privacy And Security ◽

Batch Authentication

As there has been an advancement in avionic systems in recent years, the enactment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) has upgraded. As compared to a single UAV system, multiple UAV systems can perform operations more inexpensively and efficiently. As a result, new technologies between user/control station and UAVs have been developed. FANET (Flying Ad-Hoc Network) is a subset of the MANET (Mobile Ad-Hoc Network) that includes UAVs. UAVs, simply called drones, are used for collecting sensitive data in real time. The security and privacy of these data are of priority importance. Therefore, to overcome the privacy and security threats problem and to make communication between the UAV and the user effective, a competent anonymous mutual authentication scheme is proposed in this work. There are several methodologies addressed in this work such as anonymous batch authentication in FANET which helps to authenticate a large group of drones at the same time, thus reducing the computational overhead. In addition, the integrity preservation technique helps to avoid message alteration during transmission. Moreover, the security investigation section discusses the resistance of the proposed work against different types of possible attacks. Finally, the proposed work is related to the prevailing schemes in terms of communication and computational cost and proves to be more efficient.

Download Full-text

Website Information Security and Privacy Concerns in 4IR: The Moderating Role of Trust in B2C e-Commerce

10.29007/jlq6 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Thabang Mofokeng

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Customer Satisfaction ◽

Customer Loyalty ◽

Success Factors ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Emerging Market ◽

Security And Privacy ◽

Future Research ◽

Privacy And Security ◽

Customer Trust

The technology devices introduced in recent years are not only vulnerable to Internet risks but are also unable to elevate the growth of B2C e-commerce. These concerns are particularly relevant today, as the world transitions into the Fourth Industrial Revolution. To date, existing research has largely focused on obstacles to customer loyalty. Studies have tested e-commerce models guided by the establishment of trusting, satisfied and loyal consumers in various international contexts. In South Africa, however, as an emerging market, there has been limited research on the success factors of online shopping.This study examines the influence of security and privacy on trust, seen as a moderator of customer satisfaction, which in turn, has an effect on loyalty towards websites. Based on an exhaustive review of literature, a conceptual model is proposed on the relationships between security and privacy on the one hand, and customer trust, satisfaction and loyalty on the other. A total of 250 structured, self-administered questionnaires was distributed to a purposively selected sample of respondents using face-to-face surveys in Johannesburg, South Africa. A multivariate data analysis technique was used to draw inferences from the data. With an 80.1% response rate, the findings showed that privacy and security do influence customer trust; security strongly influences customer trust and weakly influences satisfaction. In South Africa, customer loyalty towards websites is strongly determined by satisfaction and weakly determined by trust. Trust significantly moderates the effect of customer satisfaction on loyalty. The study implications and limitations are presented and future research directions are suggested.

Download Full-text

Security and Privacy Requirements for Electronic Consent

ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare ◽

10.1145/3433995 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

Stef Verreydt ◽

Koen Yskout ◽

Wouter Joosen

Keyword(s):

Security And Privacy ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Privacy And Security ◽

Pubmed Central ◽

Privacy Requirements ◽

Development Lifecycle ◽

Main Challenge ◽

Security Challenges ◽

Server Systems

Electronic consent (e-consent) has the potential to solve many paper-based consent approaches. Existing approaches, however, face challenges regarding privacy and security. This literature review aims to provide an overview of privacy and security challenges and requirements proposed by papers discussing e-consent implementations, as well as the manner in which state-of-the-art solutions address them. We conducted a systematic literature search using ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed Central. We included papers providing comprehensive discussions of one or more technical aspects of e-consent systems. Thirty-one papers met our inclusion criteria. Two distinct topics were identified, the first being discussions of e-consent representations and the second being implementations of e-consent in data sharing systems. The main challenge for e-consent representations is gathering the requirements for a “valid” consent. For the implementation papers, many provided some requirements but none provided a comprehensive overview. Blockchain is identified as a solution to transparency and trust issues in traditional client-server systems, but several challenges hinder it from being applied in practice. E-consent has the potential to grant data subjects control over their data. However, there is no agreed-upon set of security and privacy requirements that must be addressed by an e-consent platform. Therefore, security- and privacy-by-design techniques should be an essential part of the development lifecycle for such a platform.

Download Full-text

Assessing Users’ Privacy and Security Concerns of Smart Home Technologies

i-com ◽

10.1515/icom-2019-0015 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 197-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Verena Zimmermann ◽

Paul Gerber ◽

Karola Marky ◽

Leon Böck ◽

Florian Kirchbuchner

Keyword(s):

Smart Home ◽

Elderly Care ◽

Security And Privacy ◽

Structured Interviews ◽

Privacy And Security ◽

Privacy Concerns ◽

Private Lives ◽

Societal Level ◽

Home Users

AbstractSmart Home technologies have the potential to increase the quality of life, home security and facilitate elderly care. Therefore, they require access to a plethora of data about the users’ homes and private lives. Resulting security and privacy concerns form a relevant barrier to adopting this promising technology. Aiming to support end users’ informed decision-making through addressing the concerns we first conducted semi-structured interviews with 42 potential and little-experienced Smart Home users. Their diverse concerns were clustered into four themes that center around attacks on Smart Home data and devices, the perceived loss of control, the trade-off between functionality and security, and user-centric concerns as compared to concerns on a societal level. Second, we discuss measures to address the four themes from an interdisciplinary perspective. The paper concludes with recommendations for addressing user concerns and for supporting developers in designing user-centered Smart Home technologies.

Download Full-text

The FATE Landscape of Sign Language AI Datasets

ACM Transactions on Accessible Computing ◽

10.1145/3436996 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 1-45

Author(s):

Danielle Bragg ◽

Naomi Caselli ◽

Julie A. Hochgesang ◽

Matt Huenerfauth ◽

Leah Katz-Hernandez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sign Language ◽

New Technology ◽

Individual Data ◽

Community Members ◽

Sign Languages ◽

Language Data ◽

History Of ◽

Language Technologies ◽

And Storage ◽

Access Mechanisms

Sign language datasets are essential to developing many sign language technologies. In particular, datasets are required for training artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) systems. Though the idea of using AI/ML for sign languages is not new, technology has now advanced to a point where developing such sign language technologies is becoming increasingly tractable. This critical juncture provides an opportunity to be thoughtful about an array of Fairness, Accountability, Transparency, and Ethics (FATE) considerations. Sign language datasets typically contain recordings of people signing, which is highly personal. The rights and responsibilities of the parties involved in data collection and storage are also complex and involve individual data contributors, data collectors or owners, and data users who may interact through a variety of exchange and access mechanisms. Deaf community members (and signers, more generally) are also central stakeholders in any end applications of sign language data. The centrality of sign language to deaf culture identity, coupled with a history of oppression, makes usage by technologists particularly sensitive. This piece presents many of these issues that characterize working with sign language AI datasets, based on the authors’ experiences living, working, and studying in this space.

Download Full-text

Fueling Spin-offs: Case Studies of University-based Technology Start-up Funding

Technology & Innovation ◽

10.21300/21.4.2021.4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 29-40

Author(s):

Julie Lenzer ◽

Piotr Kulczakowicz

Keyword(s):

Product Development ◽

New Technologies ◽

Early Stage ◽

New Products ◽

Academic Research ◽

Real Life ◽

Private Investment ◽

Building Relationships ◽

Start Up ◽

Single Path

The new technologies born from academic research can be very promising, yet they are often very early stage. University spin-off companies are uniquely positioned to tackle the risks associated with new technologies emerging from academia by developing proofs of concept, functioning prototypes, and new products. While these enterprises start from a solid research and development foundation, they face their own unique set of challenges—they are strongly anchored in the scientific and technological expertise that is typically backed by intellectual property but often lack the business experience needed to develop and market products demanded by customers. University spin-offs have access to substantial non-dilutive funding that can be utilized for advancing product development. While the relentless pursuit of these funds builds a company's credibility and improves its position for negotiating future private investment, university spin-offs would greatly benefit from an early focus on complementing their technology teams with their business teams. These new enterprises should consider pursuing private investment in parallel to utilizing sources of non-dilutive funding. Timing of private investment is extremely important to maximize the value of the opportunity, and, therefore, building relationships with investors early on and getting ready for executing an investment round can greatly increase odds for success. While there is no single path to formulate, pursue, and adapt successful financing strategies, lessons can be learned from real-life cases of university spin-offs that continue their journeys towards ultimate success.

Download Full-text

A review on Privacy-Preserving Data Preprocessing

10.54216/jcim.040202 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 16-30

Author(s):

Mukesh Soni ◽

◽

YashKumar Barot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Information Security ◽

Social Insurance ◽

Disease Outbreaks ◽

Security And Privacy ◽

Health Care Information ◽

Privacy And Security ◽

Healthcare Data ◽

Security Issues ◽

Care Information

Health care information has great potential for improving the health care system and also providing fast and accurate outcomes for patients, predicting disease outbreaks, gaining valuable information for prediction in future, preventing such diseases, reducing healthcare costs, and improving overall health. In any case, deciding the genuine utilization of information while saving the patient's identity protection is an overwhelming task. Regardless of the amount of medical data it can help advance clinical science and it is essential to the accomplishment of all medicinal services associations, at the end information security is vital. To guarantee safe and solid information security and cloud-based conditions, It is critical to consider the constraints of existing arrangements and systems for the social insurance of information security and assurance. Here we talk about the security and privacy challenges of high-quality important data as it is used mainly by the healthcare structure and similar industry to examine how privacy and security issues occur when there is a large amount of healthcare information to protect from all possible threats. We will discuss ways that these can be addressed. The main focus will be on recently analyzed and optimized methods based on anonymity and encryption, and we will compare their strengths and limitations, and this chapter closes at last the privacy and security recommendations for best practices for privacy of preprocessing healthcare data.

Download Full-text

Privacy and Security Issues in Online Social Networks

Future Internet ◽

10.3390/fi10120114 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 114 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Shaukat Ali ◽

Naveed Islam ◽

Azhar Rauf ◽

Ikram Din ◽

Mohsen Guizani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Networks ◽

Online Social Networks ◽

Virtual Communities ◽

Service Providers ◽

Security And Privacy ◽

Security Issue ◽

Sensitive Data ◽

Privacy And Security ◽

Security Issues ◽

Social Sphere

The advent of online social networks (OSN) has transformed a common passive reader into a content contributor. It has allowed users to share information and exchange opinions, and also express themselves in online virtual communities to interact with other users of similar interests. However, OSN have turned the social sphere of users into the commercial sphere. This should create a privacy and security issue for OSN users. OSN service providers collect the private and sensitive data of their customers that can be misused by data collectors, third parties, or by unauthorized users. In this paper, common security and privacy issues are explained along with recommendations to OSN users to protect themselves from these issues whenever they use social media.

Download Full-text

Materialities between security and privacy: A constructivist account of airport security scanners

Security Dialogue ◽

10.1177/0967010615577855 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 46 (4) ◽

pp. 326-344 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Govert Valkenburg ◽

Irma van der Ploeg

Keyword(s):

Social Inequalities ◽

Security And Privacy ◽

Airport Security ◽

Privacy And Security ◽

Security Technologies ◽

Policy Choices ◽

Security Regime ◽

Security Problem ◽

Technical Issues ◽

The One

What concepts such as ‘security’ and ‘privacy’ mean in practice is not merely a matter of policy choices or value concepts, but is inherently tied up with the socio-material and technological arrangement of the practices in which they come to matter. In this article, one trajectory in the implementation of a security regime into the sociotechnical arrangement of airport security checking is reconstructed. During this trajectory, gradual modifications or ‘translations’ are performed on what are initially defined as the privacy and security problems. The notion of translation is used to capture the modifications that concepts undergo between different stages of the process: the initial security problem shifts, transforms and comes to be aligned with several other interests and values. We articulate how such translations take place in the material realm, where seemingly technical and natural-scientific givens take part in the negotiations. On the one hand, these negotiations may produce technologies that perform social inequalities. On the other hand, it is in this material realm that translations of problem definitions appear as simply technical issues, exempted from democratic governance. The forms of privacy and security that emerge in the end are thus specific versions with specific social effects, which do not follow in an obvious way from the generic, initial concepts. By focusing on problem definitions and their translations at various stages of the development, we explain how it is possible for potentially stigmatizing and privacy-encroaching effects to occur, even though the security technologies were introduced exactly to preclude those effects.

Download Full-text